Table 1: Deaths of Children Under 15 Years (England & Wales)
UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION
Medical Miracle or Masterful Mirage
By Dr. Raymond Obomsawin
(This book first appeared at the Soil and Health Library, an important source of books
on holistic agriculture, holistic health, self-sufficient living, and personal
development)
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF: RAYMOND OBOMSAWIN
Raymond Obomsawin was born in the United States
on August 16, 1950 and holds dual US and Canadian citizenship. He married Marie-Louise
in August of 1976, and they have three, vibrant children: Sunrise, Sunbeam and
Sundown. These children--two are still in their teens, and one is twenty-one--have
never received the prescribed regimen of childhood vaccines, and due to a healthful
lifestyle have exhibited total immunity to the diseases that are common to the
childhood years. (Time and again they've been physically exposed to those ill
from some of these very diseases.)
Dr. Obomsawin holds over two decades of cross-cultural experience--both in North
America and internationally--in the primary disciplines which impact on human
bio-social development. He holds a Baccalaureate Degree in Health Education
and Communications, Masters Degree in Development Education, and PhD with concentrations
in Health Science and Human Ecology.
He is currently serving as President of the Circle of Nations Institute of
Life Sciences & Sustainable Development an international R&D
institution legally established in Hawaii, and has previously served as: Manager
of Overseas Operations for CUSO (Canada's largest International Development
NGO); Evaluation Analyst in the Canadian International Development Agency;
Evaluation Manager with the Department of Indian Affairs & Northern
Development; Executive Director in the California Rural Indian Health
Board system; Director of the Office for National Health Development NIB
(Now Assembly of First Nations); Founding Chairman of the National
Commission Inquiry on Indian Health; and Supervisor of Native Curriculum
for the Government of the Yukon Territory.
This extensive report focuses on the current massive international effort to administer artificial immunization to the children of the world. The actual launching of the World Health Organizations's Universal or "Expanded Program on Immunization" (EPI) occurred in the year 1983. Its overriding purpose was to achieve maximum immunization coverage of the world's children. Under the influence of the WHO--which is a United Nations created and sustained multilateral agency--all national political leaders (then representing 158 nation states) made a commitment to achieve 80% immunization coverage in their respective countries by the year 1990. In that year the WHO set a new standard for the governments of the world, ie, a more intensified goal of achieving 90% immunization coverage by the year 2000. As a review document, this report poses an open challenge to the scientific, developmental, and humanitarian basis of this global public policy, in turn urging national governments to establish a far more rational, effective and harmless inter-sectoral approach in seeking to ensure that the children and families of our world community enjoy lifelong natural immunity to infectious diseases.
The research covered in this document tackles the issue of universal immunization from a very broad perspective, thereby going well beyond the more obvious realities of its being a "medical racket" hatched by a pharmaceutical industry beholden to its investors, and religiously dispensed and defended by allopathic medicine men. Through employing trans-disciplinary and integrative analyses it draws upon wide-ranging disciplines and fields of thought as it considers the purposes, policies and practices surrounding mass immunization. The effort to research and pull together this report occurred while I was serving as an Evaluation Analyst in the Evaluation Division at the Canadian International Development Agency. My initial research began early in 1991, contextual to conducting a field evaluation of the EPI component of a major UNICEF project then affecting several hundred communities in Northeast Thailand. The report is being distributed and or sold in its present form under the auspices of a non-profit public health advocacy organization, the Health Action Network Society, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. (As author, I will receive no royalties from either its sale or distribution.)
Since the first edition came out in the early 1990s, the many serious issues and concerns which are raised in this study have not by any means been properly addressed or resolved. The medico-industrial complex has neither wavered nor modified its posture of providing a white washed endorsement and promotion of what is largely an unproven technological fix of dubious origin, which carries its own seeds of disease and death. For the most part, the same can be said for the public sector policies whereby government such as that of the United States place themselves in an untenable conflict of interest position by playing a direct role in the development of new vaccines, the active promotion and enforcement of mandatory artificial immunization, and the monitoring of vaccines for adverse side effects thereby setting its own criteria and degree of liability in the compensation of victims. (Only one in four vaccine injury victims, who apply for compensation under US law, are compensated for their often catastrophic vaccine injuries. Government qualifying rules require that the onset of adverse symptoms must have occurred within four hours of the administration of the vaccine. Despite these severe limitations in legal liability, since passage of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, up to February 28, 1998, compensatory payments have totalled $871 million 800 thousand.)
Sad to say, the public sector's world-wide reliable monitoring for adverse side effects (not excluding that of the US Government) does not appear to have noticeably improved from its abysmal state since the initial issuance of this report. As well, multilateral development agencies such as UNICEF continue to push this unproven and essentially spurious technology on a largely uninformed and intimidated public throughout the Developing World nations. On a positive note, within First World nations public awareness of the problems and dangers associated with mass immunization programs appear to have broadened and intensified. Vehicles of the information revolution, such as the Internet have helped considerably. Even physicians themselves are at long last waking up to and advocating the truth, e.g., in France, 200 doctors have called on their govemement to immediately halt the hepatitis B vaccine program because of the many cases of neurological disorders and multiple sclerosis being caused by this vaccine, and in Switzerland, 500 doctors continue to oppose their govemement's MMR vaccine campaign.
Lawsuits for vaccine damages have as well become increasingly common. In the summer of 1997, various news reports in the Commonwealth countries reported that Dawbams law firm in Norfolk, England is carrying forward a major class action lawsuit for widespread damages arising from Britain's 1994 MMR campaign. In a public statement issued by this law firm it is affirmed that:
We know of hundreds of children who were fat and well before being vaccinated, but who are now chronically ill or seriously mentally or physically disabled. Of some 600 cases: the most common are autism (202); serious digestive problems (110); epilepsy (97); hearing and vision problems (40); arthritis (42); behaviour and learning problems (41); ME (24); diabetes (9); paralysis (9); blood disorders (5); brain damage (3); and death (14).
Bolstering the firm's case is the fact that the affected children's pediatricians and neurologists continue to state in British radio and TV documentaries that the children's varied injuries were in fact caused by administration of the MMR vaccine.
Additionally, growing numbers of affected parents and professionals have been instrumental in the emergence of multiple research and activist organizations such as the Immunization Awareness moni Society (IAS), New Zealand; Vaccine Awareness Network (VAN), Australia; Association for Vaccine Damaged Children (AVDC), Canada; Global Vaccine Awareness League (GVAL), California; and the National Vaccine Information Center (AWIC) in the Greater Washington DC area. This phenomena tells us that there are still some heroic and honest hearted people left in our world who are willing to stand together for the right, and make personal sacrifices of their time, resources, and reputations in the face of the combined efforts of government and industry to both slander and silence them. In fact, in recent weeks a prominent member of the IAS has been in touch with me, and shared information which included the fact that a 1992 survey by their organization found an almost 500% greater incidence of asthma among New Zealand children who've received routine childhood vaccines, than among those who haven't.
It is also of interest that on September 13-15, 1997, more than 500 parents, physicians, university scientists, health officials, legal experts, ethicists, journalists and activists from 34 states and five countries convened for the First International Public Conference on Vaccination. This historic session was organized under the auspices of the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC). According to information provided by the NVIC, the Conference inter alia examined issues such as vaccines and infant dealth; biological mechanisms of vaccine injury; vaccines and learning disorders; hepatitis B vaccine injuries; viral vaccinces and chromosome damage; polio vaccine contamination; and vaccine regulation. A number of the more important observations made by the presenters at the conference further corroborate and complement the alarming findings that are raised in my report. Some key observations follow:
The "P" in the old DPT vaccine is so highly toxic to
the human brain that the whole cell pertussis vaccine should be immediately
withdrawn from the market.
Vaccines which cause brain inflammation and severe brain damage, such as DPT,
are also biologically capable of causing milder forms of brain damage, such
as learning disabilities and Attention Deficit Disorder.
Live viral vaccines are implicated in brain injuries, such as the MMR vaccine
which is now linked to autism, while the same vaccine has never been fully investigated
for its long term effects on human immune and neurological systems.
Live viral vaccines may also be implicated as a cause of genetic damage in humans.
There are many reports of adults in Canada, who have suffered central nervous
system and immune dysfunction or death following hepatitis B vaccination.
Polio vaccines contaminated with monkey viruses may have caused the development
of HIV- I and rare forms of bone, brain and lung cancers in humans.
Children injured by vaccines and other toxic insults, have disturbances in biochemistry
such as imbalances in fatty acid metabolism and neurologic dysfunction such
as autistic spectrum disorders and seizure disorders.
Data from New Zealand and several European countries suggests that early childhood
vaccination has caused an increase in juvenile diabetes.
A combination of multiple vaccinations and multiple exposures to environmental
and chemical toxins may cause immune and neurological dysfunction in the general
population like that being suffered by Gulf War veterans.
Government health officials in federal health agencies have withheld information
about vaccine risks from the public.
The general consensus among research scientists in attendance was that current
immunization programs are causing injuries and deaths because of inadequate
vaccine safety research, testing, manufacturing and monitoring for long term
effects. What's new? (Conference proceedings are available to the public from
the National Vaccine Information Center: #206-512 W. Maple Avenue, Vienna, VA,
USA, 22180, Telephone: 1-800-909-SHOT.)
It also bears mentioning that I recently came across a June, 1995 interview with an old acquaintance, the veteran physician to the Aboriginal People of Australia, Dr. Archie Kalokerinos. The interview was published in the International Vaccination Newsletter (Krekenstraat 4, 3600 Genk, Belgium). Archie is in many ways a man deserving of great recognition for his brave struggle with the establishment forces in his country, who attempted to block his efforts to expose and reverse the massive death rates (as high as 50%) being caused by mass immunization in a population at great risk to its dangers. In this interview he states that it was this "extreme hostility" that:
. . . forced me to look into the question of vaccination further, and the further I looked the more shocked I became. I found that the whole vaccine business was indeed a gigantic hoax. Most doctors are convinced that they are useful, but if you look at the proper statistics and study the instances of these diseases you will realize that this is not so . . .
My final conclusion after forty years or more in this business [medicine] is that the unofficial policy of the World Health Organization and the unoffical policy of the 'Save the Children's Fund' and ... [other vaccine promoting] organizations is one of murder and genocide. . . . I cannot see any other possible explanation. . . . You cannot immunize sick children, malnourished children, and expect to get away with it. You'll kill far more children than would have died from natural infection.
Although the public sector in Canada hired a biomedical protagonist of artificial immunization to attack and undermine the original findings and observations contained in this document, nothing was effectively challenged or disproven in this determined effort, nor has there been any challenge from any other quarter since. Furthermore, I've received some very good news from a reliable source in Montreal, Canada, that a number of practicing physicians in that city have ceased using vaccines in their practice after having read this report. I fully trust that it will prove of lasting value in informing and influencing other professionals, parents and interested lay persons who may be honestly seeking to explore both sides of the controversy for the first time.
Finally, it is my sincere hope that the re-issuance of this document will provide a considerable source of valuable documentation and commentary for those who are at the forefront in the battle for biomedical truth and right in a world largely beholden to the bottom line of capitalists who value their profits above seemingly everything else. In the end, the truth with prevail.
"Discovery Consists In
Seeing
What Every body Else Has Seen
And Thinking What Nobody
Else Has Thought . . . "
Albert Szent-Gyorgi
Introduction
Despite the widely accepted view that millions of children now enjoy freedom
from various life threatening infectious diseases, and thus improved health,
because of highly effective and safe vaccine programs, at the outset of the
90's an Evaluation of Canada's International Immunization Program Phase I
(CIIP--I), concluded that in fact there are "many pressing questions
which remain to be investigated within EPI (Expanded Programs of Immunization)
and Primary Health Care." A range of critical issues relative to Universal
Childhood Immunization (UCI) and EPI programs have been examined and responded
to in the main report. These follow:
The Unresolved
Issue of UCI/EPI Effectiveness and Impact
The verifiable measurement of UCI/EPI effectiveness and impacts, has been pervasively
deficient in the major immunization programming investments made by The Canadian
International Development Agency (CIDA)--approaching $150 million--in the 1986-1991
time period. The aforenoted CIIP--I evaluation study further noted that the
actual impact of UCI/EPI on mortality levels remain essentially undetermined
and unsubstantiated. To quote: "at present it appears that there is no
conclusive evidence on the impact of immunization on child mortality from all
causes. . . . It may be that EPI's effect is merely to bring
about replacement mortality, whereby children . . . succumb to other diseases
instead. The uncertainty over the impacts of EPI remain a major question in
PHC [primary health care] programming." In light of the compelling need
for the proper and periodic evaluation of the impacts of publicly financed programs,
this deficiency remains a very serious one.
Unexpected and unexplainable outbreaks among "immunized" persons,
have led immunologists to now seriously question whether their current understanding
of what constitutes reliable immunity is in fact trustworthy. For example, the
admission is being made that immunity (or its absence) cannot be determined
reliable on the basis of history of the disease, history of immunization, or
even history of prior serologic determination. There is as well an emerging
body of mathematically based epidemiological research which suggests significant
problems with UCI/EPI targeted efforts for the control and eradication of measles
in the Developing World, where in spite of high measles immunization coverages,
measles epidemics are being reported with surprising frequency.
Vaccine failures in the Oman polio epidemic could not be explained by failures
in the cold chain, nor on suboptimum vaccine potency. It was further observed
that the efficacy of OPV in inducing humoral immunity has been lower than expected,
and that primary reliance on routine immunization may be inadequate to achieve
the goal of eradicating polio by the year 2000. (Similar polio outbreaks have
been occurring in other highly vaccinated populations, e.g., the Gambia, Brazil,
and Taiwan.)
The Unresolved
Question of Potential Adverse Effects
Another basic issue that has never been addressed in UCI/EPI programming is
the need for the effective monitoring and evaluation of potential vaccinal adverse
effects. Past estimates on the degree of adverse reactions are both unreliable
and optimistic since actual monitoring efforts have generally been negligible.
Furthermore, many physicians and nurses are not cognizant of the importance
of reporting untoward reactions, and or remain unaware of their clinical features.
Overall, the evidence strongly suggests that the chronic underreporting of vaccine-induced
morbidity, disability, and mortality is in fact the norm, whether in the Developing
or Developed Worlds. The first definitive policy statement on this issue by
the World Health Organization (issued on April 1991) indicates the WHO's recognition
of the significance of this problem. It should be considered as a priority issue
in future UCI/EPI research, monitoring and evaluation.
The Unresolved
Issue of Long-Term Adverse Effects
A minority of qualified scientists are now postulating that the full vaccine
schedule as routinely employed in early childhood vaccination inevitably weakens
the immunologic system of the child, leaving this system crippled in its ability
to protect the child throughout life, and in turn opening the way for other
infectious diseases due to such immunologic dysfunction. It is also being postulated
by such scientists that mass immunization is directly contributing to the now
widespread escalation of various auto-immune, degenerative disease and allergic
conditions.
The
Unresolved Issue of Safer and More Effective Alternatives
Sufficient evidence now suggests that an increasing awareness of the potential
dangers that are being increasingly associated with mass vaccination programs,
will serve to precipitate public demand for greater research investments in
the further exploration and testing of promising and danger-free alternative
prophylactic methods. A considerable body of literature on lifestyle (especially
nutrition) based prophylaxis and treatment for both bacterial and viral infectious
diseases suggest that this is the optimum alternative to the artificial immunization
dilemma.
The Unresolved Question of Ethics
UCI/EPI--as presently conceived and executed--represents two major departures
from the time honoured ethics and traditions of medicine:
Conclusion
The foregoing observations indicate that there is a genuine need for world governments
to reconsider their policies with respect to universal childhood immunization,
ensuring particular focus on clarifying the vital issues of the short and longer
term impacts of UCI/EPI, and the pressing need to establish far safer and more
effective alternatives.
SECTION
l
MIRACLE IN THE MAKING:
REALITY OR DELUSION?
INTRODUCTION
Universal Childhood Immunization (UCI)--in its more localized context referred
to as Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI)--stands worldwide as a top health
programming priority among various multilateral, bilateral, and nongovernmental
(NGO) international development agencies. This appears to be the case because
immunization programs are widely accepted and actively promoted as offering
recipient beneficiaries more substantive disease prevention benefits than any
other modality in the arsenal of modern medicine, coupled to its unique capacity
to offer the surest and "quickest" results. When compared to the more
basic intersectoral and developmental requisites for public health sustenance
and disease prevention, UCI/EPI is generally considered to be the easiest to
implement programmatically, promote publicly, and defend politically. The World
Health Organization (WHO) has gone on record to affirm that, "Immunization
is one of the most powerful and cost-effective weapons of modern medicine. Immunization
services, however, remain tragically under-utilized in the world today."1
Despite the Canadian govemment's confirmed support of the comprehensive primary
health care approach--as defined in the Alma Ata Declaration--the majority of
increases in the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Health Sector
disbursements, in the last half of the 1980s, have been for the selective and
vertical modality of UCI/EPI. In fact, according to observations made in the
1989, Evaluation Assessment of CIDA Investments in the Health Sector,
immunization has become the dominant health activity supported by CIDA. "Annual
disbursements over the past three years have risen from $3 to $22, to $49 million."2
The lion's share of this increase stemmed from the launching of Canada's International
Immunization Programme (CIIP), covering the period of 1986-1991. (An October
10, 1991 Fact Sheet on Canada's Role in Immunization, states that of
the $43 million expended by CIIP in the period 1985-1990, involved the execution--by
more than 30 nongovernmental organizations--of over 100 projects in more than
50 countries. When we include the government-to-government [bilateral] program,
total CIDA funds committed to UCI/EPI in the 1986/1987-1990/1991 fiscal year
periods equal some $143 million. At the end of 1991/1992 it was the intention
of the government to expend roughly another $50 million on UCI/EPI over the
next five years, with about $30 million for CIIP II.) According to a Mid-Term
CIIP Operational Review completed November 20, 1989, UNICEF took almost
$27 million from the Program for 37 EPI projects, amounting to 67% of CIIP funds.
Additional CIIP funding passed indirectly to UMCEF, via Rotary for vaccine purchases,
and via Canadian partners who purchased project equipment from UNICEF stockpiles.3
Speaking of this major shift in priorities, wherein by the end of the 1980s
immunization support accounted for one half of all health sector disbursements,
the CIDA Health Sector Evaluation Assessment recommended that "this
situation merits examination on the grounds of both the heavy focus by CIDA
on this one type of health program and the nature of immunization efforts .
. . Primary Health Care is more complex and multifaceted then the provision
of this one . . . technology."4
This need to re-examine immunization support was further affirmed when the Assessment
identified certain "important am that merit further review," including:
case studies of the health impact of projects involving or crossing varied sectors;
the level of sustainability achieved in completed CIDA health projects; and
areas of large spending or of controversy, i.e., immunization."5
Although the Assessment did not go on to define the nature of the controversies
surrounding immunization, mass immunization programs have been seriously questioned
on both developmental and scientific grounds. It will be the purpose of this
report to proceed with a detailed examination of the issues of controversy,
draw some conclusions, and make appropriate recommendations. The critique of
these issues stems from a careful review and evaluation of wide ranging biomedical
literature sources of relevance to the subject. This work has been carried out
in the spirit of honest inquiry, thus affording a fresh and critical analyses
of the fundamental issues.
Although the conclusions as reached visibly sustain "one side" of
what is largely a hidden and professionalist dominated debate on immunization,
the reader should note that this is done in order to provide a long neglected
and constructive counterbalance to the predominating supportive declarations
of the establishment, and in turn the parroted promotion of the same view by
the popular media.
It must further be appreciated that past and ongoing investments in the drive
for universal immunization extend well beyond the mere allocation of substantial
government and publicly donated funds (which translates into biennial expenditures
of a billion US dollars, 63 percent of which comes from Developing World countries
themselves)6
to include:
UNICEF's Executive Director has gone on record
in many fora to herald the substantive value and potency of immunization. In
advance of the inception of Canada's current and greatly expanded International
Immunization program he gave a full and unqualified assurance that "Expanded
immunization--using newly improved vaccines" will "prevent the six
main immunizable diseases from killing an estimated 5 million children a year
and disabling 5 million more."8
The front page of the January/February, 1988, issue of Development Forum,
published by the U.N. Department of Public Information, unequivocally affirms
that "immunization is the success story of the decade. In the Developing
World immunization has reached 50 percent for DPT vaccine and 40 percent for
measles, and is now saving over 1.3 million lives annually." Everyone is
encouraged--bordering on religious fervor--to get on the bandwagon.
UNICEF.. calls for a 'Grand Alliance' of all possible resources teachers, and religious leaders, mass media and government agencies, voluntary organizations and people's movements, business leaders and labour unions, women's groups and health services to create an informed public demand for. . . the methods which could now bring about 'a revolution' in child survival and development. In Turkey, for example, 200,000 school teachers and 54,000 imams have helped to treble the nation's immunization coverage. In Syria and Egypt, television has succeeded in getting the immunization message into every home . . . UNICEF argues that 'there is no greater cause in which to march.' 9
Indeed, immunization has of late gained the distinction of being considered the "leading edge" in primary health care, and is extolled by its advocates as "the single most successful component of the child survival program." Its high acceptance and apparent success relate to a number of factors:
A technological package that is easily understood and readily available . . . the fact that vaccination does not require substantial behaviourial change; the relative ease of measuring coverage and its offer of an opportunity for political leadership at all levels to be visibly involved. Finally, it is the single component of PHC that provides the greatest opportunity for the private sector to participate through the supply or production of vaccine and cold chain equipment.10
It is accepted wisdom among medical professionals
and in turn the public, that millions of children now enjoy improved health
and freedom from various life-threatening diseases because of safe and effective
vaccines. In the words of Fulginiti, "morbidity and deaths secondary to
the contagious diseases have either been eradicated, measles greatly reduced
in occurrence, and rubella, mumps, pertussis, and other diseases significantly
lessened in terms of their impact."11
EPI--FIELD EVALUATION EXPERIENCE
This general examination of Immunization as a central modality in the prevention
of common infectious diseases in the Developing World will begin with some salient
extracts taken from the writer's findings in a field evaluation he carried out
on a UNICEF--Expanded Program of Immunization and Primary Health Care initiative
in Northeast Thailand, in March of 1990. The data derived from evaluating the
EPI component is being provided as basic background information because it provides
some useful insights on comparable UNICEF-EPI initiatives that are now occurring
throughout the Developing World, and points to some critical issues meriting
further investigation. (EPI was one of eight components in the Integrated Services
Project for Children, extending over a five year period, at a cost exceeding
$8,500,000.(Cdn). This funding was primarily provided by the Canadian Government,
and supplemented with public contributions. The Project was executed by UNICEF
Thailand, in cooperation with the Royal Thai Government.)
The EPI in Northeast Thailand proved to be a considerable undertaking. It included:
the execution of a cluster survey on immunization coverage in all 59 districts
(in which there are over 900 villages); provision of EPI training for 600 Village
Health Volunteers, Village Health Communicators, and religious leaders; similar
training for 200 health care providers, and 40 multiple WHO staff, EPI information
strengthening and finally social mobilization to vaccinate, viz. provide BCG/OPV/DPT
and measles coverage for all 59 districts. It further involved the equipping
of 373 tambon (subdistrict) health centres with sufficient numbers of. refrigerators;
vaccine carriers with four icepacks; BCG vaccine kits; thermometers; cold chain
monitoring cards; and steam sterilizers.
The EPI initiative placed its strategic concentration on the following areas:
In reviewing figures for the project covering
the first three years (1985-1987), the priority emphasis on immunization is
evident. Project expenditures for this component reached 126 percent of the
original target for immunization, compared to only 28 percent for primary health
care. Food and nutrition fared somewhat better at 60 percent of the target,
a little under the project average of 61 percent. A budget analysis conducted
on the project for this period states that "Implementation of the community
action component is . . . low. However, the savings obtained here will be passed
on to the EPI and pre-school components . . ." The reason given for exceeding
the original budget projections for EPI, was "because of the demands and
opportunities for support presented."12
Recognizing the central importance of "health care outcomes," both
the evaluation exercise and this broader examination of the issues have purposely
focused on concerns surrounding the qualitative issue of EPI health care outcomes
and effectiveness. However, it became readily apparent in the evaluation of
the Program that--due to the absence of base line data on any sample of the
recipients, let alone the additional need for a comparable control group, and
the control or monitoring of intervening variables it was not really possible
to proceed with any accurate or verifiable determination of health care outcomes
(i.e., to establish a cause and effect relationship) for EPI.
This need to provide verifiable measurement of a program's health care outcomes
appears to be pervasively deficient throughout most health programming directed
to the Developing World. The implications of this general deficiency to the
specific measurement or determination of EPI effectiveness, remains a serious
one, and will be addressed more thoroughly at later points in this report.
UNICEF'S GENERAL
EPI STRATEGY AND STATED ACHIEVEMENTS
In a UNICEF sponsored research study on immunization coverage conducted in Thailand
in the mid 80's, the following general observation is made:
[The] immunization programme has been proven to be an efficient, and relatively inexpensive method of disease prevention in both developing and developed countries. In the last decade, we have seen an increase in immunization usage, public acceptance, improved delivery techniques and more stable vaccines. The more extensive use of vaccines has resulted in a dramatic decrease of many leading communicable diseases in all parts of the world. However, this condition is by no means true in developing countries where most of the vaccine preventable diseases like diphtheria, pertussis, neonatal tetanus, poliomyelitis and measles remain to be a serious health menace among infants and children in these countries."13
The view as expressed here--during the early
stages of this project--provides a fair representation of the rationale behind
UNICEF'S resolve to proceed with its universal disease eradication drive, via
vaccine induced immunization. (It is of no passing interest that WHO and UNICEF
sponsored literature, such as above, now embody a new nomenclature, in which
one does not refer to preventable diseases, but more precisely "vaccine
preventable diseases" thus tending to convey the unsubstantiated conclusion
that such diseases are only preventable through the use of vaccines.)
In UNICEF's Fourth Progress Report on this project issued in 1989, it was affirmed
that, "Impressive progress has been made towards the achievement of Universal
Child Immunization (UCI). Immunization coverage has been increased and the incidence
of immunization diseases reported has reduced." This achievement was reported
as taking place despite such persistent obstacles as: insufficient "awareness
and knowledge among health officials and community leaders;" inadequate
"availability of vaccines and cold chain in remote areas;" and the
problem of "drop-out due to ignorance, distance, and fear of side effects."
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
On the basis of structured and semi-structured interviews in five provinces,
five districts, and nine villages visited, the following facts came to light:
CONTRA-INDICATIONS
SCREENING
Evidence indicated that the EPI program did not incorporate adequate measures
for contraindications pre-screening and post-monitoring.
The official view historically held and still
articulated by the World Health Organization (WHO) is that both the provision
of screening for contraindications, and post operation monitoring for adverse
reactions are uncalled for in the context of Developing World EPI campaigns.
The underlying rationale has been that the life saving benefits of EPI so far
outweigh any risks, that attention to potential risk factors and the potential
for vaccine induced damage in vaccinates remains impracticable, and thus a non-issue.14
Despite this unqualified optimism, according to information provided by CIDA's
Health and Population Directorate sector, the WHO effective October, 1990, instituted
a policy for "adverse event monitoring" in Developing World Immunization
activities. A definitive policy statement on this issue titled Monitoring
of Adverse Events Following Immunization, has been available since April
1991. (The implications of WHO's recognition of the significance of this issue
in setting UCI/EPI research, monitoring and evaluation priorities should be
apparent.)
It is thus important to point out that there is by no means a consensus on this
issue within the Bio-science community (including the inconsistencies exhibited
in the public pronouncements, and policies of the WHO). In one of the most recent
scholastic manuals available on immunization practice, noted authority, George
Dick--Professor Emeritus of Pathology, London University--provides the following
cautions relative to the traditional assumptions of the WHO:
He further confirms that in the following conditions, the EPI vaccine as noted should not be administered. (Obviously pre-vaccine screening measures must be in place in order to ensure that these guidelines are met.) Dick's recommendations follow on Table A.
| Diphtheria | acute febrile illness (fever) |
| Whooping Cough (pertussis) |
acute febrile illness |
| a history of seizures, convulsions or cerebral irritation in the neonatal period | |
| any neurological defects | |
| any severe local or general reaction to a previous dose of pertussis | |
| "Children whose parents or siblings have a history of idiopathic epilepsy or neurological defects require careful assessment as to the advisability of imunization." | |
| Polio | acute illness including diarrhoea, or other (OPV) acute intestinal dysfunction |
| sever hypogammaglobulinaemia | |
| anyone on corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy | |
| Measles | acute febrile illness |
| immune mechanism deficiencies | |
| anyone on corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy | |
| Hodgkin's disease and leukaemia, or other diseases of the lymphoid, or mononuclear phagocytic (reticuloendothelial) system |
Preliminary PHC and EPI research conducted for CIDA's Evaluation Division indicates as well that vaccines should not be administered to children who are suffering from malnutrition due to associated immunodeficiency problems (of which--inter alia--chronic infections are symptomatic). However, the official WHO position on this point is that "Fever, respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, and malnutrition should not be considered as contraindications to immunization." This is based on the relationship between immunodeficiency status and increased risk of natural infection.16, 17, 18
(For a cross-sampling of other reference sources which support a counter-view to the WHO stance on immunodeficiency and contraindications to vaccines, please see ref.18)Although cognizant that this case history could be construed (and in turn dismissed) as a rare anecdotal occurrence that was only coincidental to the administration of the triple antigen vaccine, after careful thought I've decided to included it in some detail for three basic reasons:
I. evidence suggest that for multiple reasons--as noted throughout this document--such adverse reactions are likely to be taking place at a significantly greater level than is popularly believed;
II. a calm, intelligent and caring mother's direct experiential observations and hindsight about her child represent a fully valid and trustworthy source of information; and
III. overall, the clarity and force of the evidence was such that the child's reaction was clearly more than a mere coincidence, and thus not attributable to other direct causes. (As well there is clear evidence suggesting that the occurrence and severity of adverse reactions to vaccines--among infants--correlate proportionally to both lack of breasffeeding, and Vitamin C deficiency (e.g., see refs. 17 & 18).
The following comments should be made with respect to points (a)-(e) above:
The reported growth stunting effect was also
visibly obvious, as the child appeared to be at most the size of a one year
old. (In that impaired growth is generally not identified in the literature
as a vaccine related or induced hazard, this condition may well have been principally
related to other factors bearing on the child's nutritional intake and or assimilative
capacities.) The mother reported that his weight at birth was 4 kilos (a very
heavy baby by Thai standards) and at 5 months, 9 kilos. At the time we visited--though
now I year and 2 months older--his weight was unchanged, still at 9 kilos.
It is also worth noting that the mothers three month old grandson, who was present
during the interview, had been experiencing high fever, and continuous colds
since having received recent inoculations. Given that I visited only 9 out of
over 900 participating villages, and then only raised this issue with a fraction
of respondents, poses serious concern as to just how widespread and serious
the problem of adverse side effects is.
It is known for instance that when mass immunization programs were enforced
in Australia's Northern Territory among what was a generally malnourished Aboriginal
population (the most notable concern being Vitamin C deficiency) death rates
doubled, in some areas approaching 50 percent i.e., "Every Second Child."
According to the author of a book by that title and veteran physician to the
Aboriginals A. Kalokerinos:
A health team would sweep into an area, line up all the Aboriginal babies and infants and immunize them. There would be no examination no taking of case histories, no checking on dietary deficiencies. Most infants would have colds. No wonder they died Some would die within hours . . . Others would suffer immunological insults and die later from pneumonia, 'gastroenteritis'or 'malnutrition'.19
In Northeastern Thailand, in the villages visited practically all mothers were breastfeeding, and were to some extent including fresh garden vegetables and fruit in their diets. This in turn provided a fair degree of protection from the kind of severe reactions and mortality just noted among Australian Aboriginals. Nonetheless, it is apparent that there still remains a sizable number of malnourished. To quote C. Guthrie:
Malnutrition seems to be declining in the Northeast... Still, malnutrition is widely prevalent. One does not need to go looking for it. In one school . . . in Don Luang, 50 percent of the children were suffering from one level of malnutrition or another. I found it somewhat disturbing to find that the objective expressed by most officials was restricted to the eradication of 3rd degree malnutrition, in spite of the wide prevalence of 1st and 2nd degree malnutrition.20
It appears that the mass coverage obsession
common to UCI and EPI, have run roughshod over the repeated qualifications,
and warnings that have been issued against administering vaccines to inimunodeficient
infants and children, of which malnutrition is a prime indicator. The fact that
a March 1988 Annual Report on this Project (p. 5) indicated that a WHO/UNICEF
review team found that EPI "drop out rates were high, because of the fear
of side effects as expressed by mothers," suggests that the prevalence
of vaccine induced complications and morbidity in Northeast Thailand, may well
be more significant than heretofore thought. (The broader question and implications
of vaccine induced morbidity and mortality will be examined in more detail,
later in the report.)
VACCINE SCHEDULING
The rationale behind administering multiple vaccines and toxoids throughout
the first 14 week period of an infant's life (excepting measles) is that in
the first year of life--when the immune system is still relatively immature--a
child is considered more susceptible to most infectious diseases. However, this
view fails to admit the corollary that the immune and nervous systems of infants,
are immature thus making them potentially more vulnerable to the toxic effects
of vaccines and toxoids.
Nonetheless, the argument is commonly raised that vaccines must be administered
in accord with the recommended schedule," (particularly in the Developing
World), as the risk of dangers is so marginal, and the dangers of widespread
and unchecked infectious diseases so great that the infant must have the vaccines--or
else. Of course this view is acceptable only insofar as the multiple beliefs
surrounding UCI/EPI are valid, i.e., that there are no better disease preventative
measures; that the presence of such infections cannot be safely handled or treated;
and that vaccines are both highly effective and very safe.
| At birth | BCG (Tuberculosis) and OPV-0 (Polio--Live Oral, Trivalent) |
| 6 weeks | DPT#L (Diphtheria Toxoid; Pertussis/Whooping Cough; and Tetanus Toxoid) and OPV#L |
| 10 weeks | DPT#2 and OPV#2 |
| 14 weeks | DPT#3 and OPV#3 |
| 9 months | Measles |
It is instructive to consider the experience of Japan in this regard. Delay of DPT immunization until 2 years of age in Japan has resulted in a dramatic decline in adverse side effects. In the period of 1970-1974, when DPT vaccination was begun at 3 to 5 months of age, the Japanese national compensation system paid out claims for 57 permanent severe damage vaccine cases, and 37 deaths. During the ensuing six year period 1975-1980, when DPT injections were delayed to 24 months of age, severe reactions from the vaccine were reduced to a total of eight with three deaths. This represents an 85 to 90 percent reduction in severe cases of damage and death. 21
If we turn to the epidemiological analysis of UCI-90 in India, we are astonished to learn that such a gigantic program has been launched without having even the most basic data on infectious diseases . . . Then how will it be possible to determine the cost-effectiveness of the program? Actually, there ought to have been much more detailed analysis. . . .
For example, with regard to disease levels and factors, he urges that very basic questions should have been addressed before implementing UCI, such as: . . . how different are the rates in different parts of the country and what are the ecological, cultural, social and other factors which affect the rates--through influencing the balance between the host, the parasite [i.e., virus or microbe] and the environment. Information should have been provided on what are the trends in the epidemiological behaviour of the different diseases over a time period, what should be the epidemiological strategy for intervention in the natural histories of the diseases, and so on. Paying scant attention to such critical epidemiological considerations, the crusaders of UCI-90 have opted in favor of saturation spraying with "silver bullets " [vaccines]. Over and above this, there are also the important questions of efficacy of the vaccines. . .
Administratively, the exponents of UCI-90 seem to indulge in collective amnesia to wish the bitter experiences of major vertical [top down] programs like the mass BCG Campaign, the National Malaria Eradication Program, and the three [national] efforts at eradication of smallpox . . . Also actively shunned are the many lessons from the failures of vertical programs for trachoma, leprosy, filariasis, cholera, and sexually transmitted diseases." 27
INCOMPLETE STATISTICAL REPORTING
Selectively slanted and incomplete reporting of the true statistical picture
is not an infrequent problem in the promotive oriented reporting on EPI impact
data. For example, the following Tables B and C, were based on data presented
in Section 4.3 "Expanded Programme of Immunization," in UNICEF's Fourth
Progress Report CUC/CIDA Development of Basic Services for Children in Thailand,
covering the period January--December, 1988.
| Year of Coverage | 1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
| Percentage Immunized | 06 |
26 |
44 |
60 |
63 |
| Year | 1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
| Number | 27,691 |
34,713 |
47,205 |
32,156 |
19,659 |
42,051 |
32,498 |
| Case Rate Per 100,000 | (57.1) |
(70.2) |
(93.7) |
(62.2) |
(37.1) |
(78.1) |
59.1) |
The following comment is made with respect to the expansion of the measles
vaccination program, ". . . the immunization coverage for measles has increased
from 6 percent in 1984 to 63 percent in 1988, leading to a reduction in measles
prevalence from 93.7/100,000 in 1984 to 37.1/100,000 in 1986."
What the report fails to indicate though is that although the 1986 inununization
coverage of 44% had increased by 1987 to 60%, the measles infection rate in
the same period actually more than doubled, with an increase from 37.1 to 87.1
per 100,000. It is also noteworthy that the culminating maximum immunization
coverage of 63% achieved in 1988, correlates with a 1988 infection report rate
of 59.1 /100,000--which in fact poses higher level of measles infection than
the 1982 reported infection rate of 57.1 /100,000, which was a time when measles
immunization was not being provided in Thailand. (The higher per capita infection
rate--after five years of expanding coverage--obviously reflects very negatively
on the assumed efficacy of the vaccine, and may have been deliberately obfuscated
in the reporting. No evidence was seen to suggest that the post-immunization
increases in disease rates were attributable to case reporting improvements.)
THE DEVELOPMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
OF UCI/EPI
Clearly, Universal Childhood Immunization stands in contradiction to the strategically
development based primary health care principles as embodied in the Alma Ata
Declaration. (The issue of intersectoral primary health care versus selective
medicine remains an area of major controversy. It will be examined in considerable
detail later in this paper). In fact, Developing World analysts such as D. Banerji,
forcefully contend that short term, "top down" approaches to health
care--such as EPI threaten to reverse Alma Ata's historic gains for more self-directed
and sustainable health care. In his view the shifting emphasis toward selective
medicine including UCI/EPI:
In his own words, the Universal Childhood Immunization initiative, constitutes the efforts of ruling interests in Donor nations:
. . . to hit out at the very core of the philosophy of primary health care by imposing technocentric vertical programs against a few diseases in the name of saving children . . .This movement not only tends to fragment a health care system and take it away from a wider ecological, intersectoral, and integrated approach, but it also actively hinders community self-reliance and seriously erodes the democratic rights of the people to participate in decisions which so vitally concern them. This is perhaps the most malignant facet of the present efforts to impose specialized . . . programs from outside, using social marketing techniques to sell them." 29
Researchers like Rifkin and Walt maintain that
interventions such as EPI, are essentially based on the (now fading) view that
human health is dependent upon and arises from a force of elite professionals
who hold privileged knowledge--coupled with corresponding power and control--to
effect their disbursal of technocentrically contrived benefits, to relatively
ignorant and passive recipients.30
It goes without saying that any programmed encouragement of this mind set--despite
the very best of intentions--constitutes an inimical force to those principles
and processes whereby intelligent self-development, and informed self-care can
prevail.
In reference to the developmental implications of UCI/EPI, medical sociologist
L.J. Chetelat notes that:
Health professionals, by taking and promoting easily executed interventions, such as immunization, create a demand for these programs and raise expectations which are seldom realized.. SPHC by identifying specific techniques (such as EPI) and strongly supporting them, diverts attention and resources from the process of development, to highlighting specific programs with exaggerated and often unpredictable outcomes. In reality, technocratic and "instant" successes, put into danger the long slow process that leads to sustained improvements. They are creating a climate of short-term expediency, rather than long term change.31
IS IMMUNIZATION EFFECTIVENESS
A CERTAINTY?
It can well be said that real "ignorance is not knowing, but knowing what
isn't so." The question of whether vaccines in fact protect recipients
from the diseases for which they are given, might seem absurd on the face of
it. As already noted, when we closer examine the question of statistical evidence
for immunization's effectiveness, there remain significant epidemiological uncertainties.
The literature further reveals some critical problems in data gathering, interpretation
and reporting practices. These basic concerns are succinctly summarized by Professor
Gordon Stewart, recent head of the Department of Community Medicine at Glasgow
University:
What kind of immunization is this for which success is being claimed?... What kind of epidemiology is this which advocates immunization b excluding, consideration of factors other than immunization? . . . "at kind of editorial policy is this which publishes incomplete data and promotes far reaching claims about the efficacy of immunization, but refuses to publish collateral data questioning this efficacy? 32
We are thus confronted with an unenviable situation
where in the general absence of verifiable multifactored and controlled studies,
EPI remains today--scientifically speaking--as a basically unproven program
intervention. In fact, there is a substantive and growing body of data that
call into serious question the soundness and effectiveness of mass immunization
programs. This data not only calls into question EPI effectiveness, but further
details adverse side effects and potential long term dangers of this widely
implemented medical intervention.
EARLY THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
RE-EXAMINED
In order to better grasp the issue of vaccine effectiveness, it would prove
helpful for us to go back to the early theoretical foundation upon which current
vaccination and disease theories originated. In simplest terms, the theory of
artificial immunization postulates that by giving a person a mild form of a
disease, via the use of specific foreign proteins, attenuated viruses, etc.,
the body will react by producing a lasting protective response e.g., antibodies,
to protect the body if or when the real disease comes along.
This primal theory of disease prevention originated by Paul Ehrlich--from the
time of its inception--has been subject to increasing abandonment by scientists
of no small stature. For example not long after the Ehrlich theory came into
vogue, W.H. Manwaring, then Professor of Bacteriology and Experimental Pathology
at Leland Stanford University observed:
I believe that there is hardly an element of truth in a single one of the basic hypothesis embodied in this theory. My conviction that there was something radically wrong with it arose from a consideration of the almost universal failure of therapeutic methods based on it . . . Twelve years of study with immuno-physical tests have yielded a mass of experimental evidence contrary to, and irreconcilable with the Ehrlich theory, and have convinced me that his conception of the origin, nature, and physiological role of the specific 'antibodies' is erroneous.33
To afford us with a continuing historical perspective
of events since Manwaring's time, we can next turn to the classic work on auto-immunity
and disease by Sir MacFarlane Burnett, which indicates that since the middle
of this century the place of antibodies at the centre stage of immunity to disease
has undergone "a striking demotion." For example, it had become well
known that children with agammaglobulinaemia--who consequently have no capacity
to produce antibody--after contracting measles, (or other zymotic diseases)
nonetheless recover with long-lasting immunity. In his view it was clear "that
a variety of other immunological mechanisms are functioning effectively without
benefit of actively produced antibody."34
The kind of research which led to this a broader perspective on the body's immunological
mechanisms included a mid-century British investigation on the relationship
of the incidence of diphtheria to the presence of antibodies. The study concluded
that there was no observable correlation between the antibody count and the
incidence of the disease." "The researchers found people who were
highly resistant with extremely low antibody count, and people who developed
the disease who had high antibody counts.35
(According to Don de Savingy of IDRC, the significance of the role of multiple
immunological factors and mechanisms has gained wide recognition in scientific
thinking. [For example, it is now generally held that vaccines operate by stimulating
non-humeral mechanisms, with antibody serving only as an indicator that a vaccine
was given, or that a person was exposed to a particular infectious agent.])
In the early 70's we find an article in the Australian Journal of Medical
Technology by medical virologist B. Allen (of the Australian Laboratory
of Microbiology and Pathology, Brisbane) which reported that although a group
of recruits were immunized for Rubella, and uniformly demonstrated antibodies,
80 percent of the recruits contracted the disease when later exposed to it.
Similar results were demonstrated in a consecutive study conducted at an institution
for the mentally disabled. Allen--in commenting on her research at a University
of Melbourne seminar--stated that "one must wonder whether the . . . decision
to rely on herd immunity might not have to be rethought.36
As we proceed to the early 80s, we find that upon investigating unexpected and
unexplainable outbreaks of acute infection among "immunized" persons,
mainstream scientists have begun to seriously question whether their understanding
of what constitutes reliable immunity is in fact valid. For example, a team
of scientist writing in the New England Journal of Medicine provide evidence
for the position that immunity to disease is a broader bio-ecological question
then the factors of artificial immunization or serology. They summarily concluded:
"It is important to stress that immunity (or its absence) cannot be determined
reliable on the basis of history of the disease, history of immunization, or
even history of prior serologic determination.37
Despite these significant shifts in scientific thinking, there has unfortunately
been little actual progress made in terms of undertaking systematically broad
research on the multiple factors which undergird human immunity to disease,
and in turn building a system of prevention that is squarely based upon such
findings. It seems ironic that as late as 1988 James must still raise the following
basic questions. "Why doesn't medical research focus on what factors in
our environment and in our lives weaken the immune system? Is this too simple?
too ordinary? too undramatic? Or does it threaten too many vested interests
. . ?" 38
ARTIFICIALLY
INDUCED IMMUNITY--REALITY OR DELUSION?
Physiologist, S.K. Claunch raises an reasonable postulate when he suggests that
the body's capacity to initiate a "vigorous reaction" (i.e., the acute
processes of elimination associated with viral and infectious diseases) hinges
essentially on its level of vitality, and thus such reactions are most commonly
found in children. In contrast, it is generally acknowledged that the very feeble
and or chronically diseased--who have significantly lower vital energy levels--tend
to remain relatively free from such acute reactions. This observation in turn
lead him to express the concept that:
If any child has its vitality lowered and its health impaired to the degree that it is no longer strong enough to develop an acute disease, it is, for the time being, at least "immune." This is the exact clinical picture one observes when serums, vaccines and "biologicals" are shot into a child . . . its vitality is so lowered that it is no longer healthy enough to protest or react against them. So long as its vitality stays down, it will be "immune." 39
A number of detractors have legitimately raised the question of how the injection of foreign disease matter into the human system can constitute a legitimate approach to the sustenance of human health. After all, we don't seek warmth of icebergs, is there thus any more logic in seeking health from substances which are intimately associated with disease and death? The articulate view of physiologist H.M. Shelton is that:
To interfere with the all-important composition of the blood in the haphazard manner serologists do, results in incalculable disturbance of its physiological equilibrium . . . health depends, not upon killing bacteria [& viruses] but upon building up the soundness . . . integrity [and] functional vigor . . . of our own tissues and organs. . . . Normal resistance can be achieved only by use of the same means by which it was originally built and maintained.
Nature makes no mistakes and violates no laws. She is uniformly governed by fixed principles and all her actions harmonize with ... [nature's governing] laws . . . The best, indeed the only method ofpromoting public health is to teach people the laws of nature and.. how to preserve health. Immunization programs are futile, and are based on the delusion that the law of cause and effect can be annulled Vaccines and serums are employed as substitutesfor right living; they are intended to supplant obedience to the laws of life. Such programs are slaps in the face of law and order." 40
AN
HISTORIC OVERVIEW OF THE BACTERIAL/VIRALTHEORY OF DISEASE CAUSATION
In order to provide some further background to the reader, this section will
briefly recount some of the most significant observations of earlier scientists
on the broader question of what is the actual role bacteria and viruses play
in human infectious disease. The debate on this issue--although an old one remains
highly relevant and timely in that the whole edifice of Western selective medicine,
both preventive and therapeutic, hinges upon a correct perspective on and resolution
of the question.
Indeed, it remains remarkable that whether we go to recent or more distant history,
we find that fundamentally critical scientific discoveries and observations
which serve to clarify these issues, and point in a more appropriate direction,
continue--at least in practice--to be largely unknown and or ignored. (Some
researchers would suggest that this failure arises because such discoveries--if
genuinely applied--would significantly curb what amounts to annual income totaling
multiple billions of dollars in the exploitation of human disease.) However,
it is apparent that the factors underlying this failure are in reality much
broader and more complex.
Due to the need for brevity, only two cases of historic significance will be
considered. Earlier in this century, C.E. Rosenow of the Mayo Biological Laboratories
began a series of experiments in which he took distinctive bacterial strains
from a number of different disease sources and placed them in one culture of
uniform media. In time the distinctive strains all became one class. By repeatedly
changing cultures, he could individually modify bacterial strains making them
some harmless or "pathogenic" and in turn reverse the process. He
concluded that the critical factor allowing demonstration of the polymorphic
nature of bacteria was their environment and the food they lived upon. These
discoveries were first published in the year 1914 in the Journal of Infectious
Disease." 41
Rosenow's work was corroborated and expanded upon about two decades later by
R.R. Rife, developer of the Universal Microscope which was developed concurrent
with RCA's initial marketing of the electron microscope. Rife's alternative
was a 5,682 component, 150,000 power (60,000 diameters of magnification) instrument
which made live bacteria visibly "clear as a cat on your lap." This
microscope was a light transmitting instrument with a resolution of 31,000 diameters
(traditionally electron microscopes had resolutions of up to 25,000 diameters)
which overcame the chief weakness of the electron scope, i.e., the inability
to view living cells structures and bacterial and viral organisms in their unaltered
living state.(An alternative was required, as living matter when viewed under
the electron scope, becomes altered and distorted due to bombardment by a virtual
hailstorm of electrons, with such distortions increasing proportionally with
the intensity of magnification. Consequently, the extremely high magnification
levels found in the latest electron microscopes actually serve to exacerbate
this major flaw.)
Modern microscopy texts suggest that with light microscopes it is impossible
to obtain extremely high magnifications of objects and still retain visual clarity.
For example Novikoff and Holtzman affirm that in such instruments a point is
reached after which the image is "increasingly blurred and nothing is gained
by further magnification. Thus, light microscopes are rarely used at magnifications
greater than . . . 1500 X."
42
However, Rife's invention with its 14 separate crystal quartz lenses and prisms,
was able to bend and to polarize light in such a way that a specimen could be
illuminated by extremely narrow portions of the spectra, and even by a single
light frequency. This combined with the shortening of projection distance between
prisms, and other innovative technical features permitted high resolutions without
distortion at extremely high magnifications, never before or since attained
in light microscopy.43
Rife showed that by altering the environment and food supply, friendly
bacteria such as colon bacillus could be converted into varied "pathogenic"
bacteria. For example, Rife also observed that
bacillus coli could in time be modified into the bacterial
agent associated with typhus, and the process actually
reversed. In Rife's words:
In reality, it is not the bacteria themselves that produce the disease, but we believe it is . . . the unbalanced cell metabolism of the human body that in actuality produce the of disease. We also believe if the metabolism of the human body is perfectly balanced . . . it is susceptible to no disease.44
This observation closely parallels Alexis Carrel's
earlier research at the Rockefeller Institute where he was able to control the
rates and levels of infectious disease mortality among mice. Beginning with
the standard diet he observed a corresponding death rate of 52 percent. By making
specific dietary improvements he was able to reduce mortality rates downward
to 32 percent, then 14 percent, and finally to a rate of 0.45
Not too long after Rife's and Carrel's reported observations, scientist Rene
Dubos (also at the Rockefeller Institute) reaffirmed their open and direct challenge
to the conventional thinking and practice of the scientific community at large.
He suggested that the presumed relationship between microbes and the onset of
human disease has been "so oversimplified that it rarely fits the facts
of disease. Indeed it corresponds almost to a cult . . . undisturbed by inconsistencies
and not too exacting about evidence." He expanded upon this view in suggesting
that we need to objectively account for the fact that extremely virulent:
. . . pathogenic agents [i.e., bacterial and viral micro-organisms] sometimes can persist in the tissues without causing disease, and at other times can cause disease even in the presence of specific antibodies. We need also to explain why microbes supposed to be non-pathogenic often start proliferating in an unrestrained manner if the body's normal physiology is upset. . . .
During the first phase of the germ theory the property was regarded as lying solely within the microbes themselves. Now virulence is coming to be thought of as ecological . . . This ecological concept is not merely an intellectual game; it is essential to a proper formulation of the problem of microbial diseases and even to their control " 46
Indeed, Dubos--in time--came to voice the conclusion
that "Viruses and bacteria are not the cause of disease, there is something
else." In his classic work Mirage of Health, he states "The
world is obsessed by the fact that poliomyelitis can kill and maim . . . unfortunate
victims every year. But more extraordinary is the fact that millions upon millions
of young children become infected by polio virus, yet suffer no harm from the
infection."47
This view closely corresponds to the oft quoted conclusion arrived at in later
life by R. Virchow (popularly reputed as father of the "germ theory")
when he stated, "If I could live my life over again, I would devote it
to proving that germs seek their natural habitat, diseased tissues, rather than
being the cause of disease."
Since Dubos' time, researchers have estimated that the quantity of symptom free
exposure to viruses out number clinical illnesses by at least one hundred-fold.48
This conclusion is based on the "high proportion of adults who have virus-neutralizing
substances in their serum and the number who, during an epidemic, excrete virus
without becoming ill.49
Further corroborative conclusions have been recently reached by some prominent
scientists in their critical examination of the popular view that Human Immuno-deficiency
Virus (HIV) is the key, if not the singular cause of the Acquired Immuno-deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS). Evidence is in that the popularized view that HIV causes AIDS
is far more a political necessity, than a genuine scientific conclusion. (Although
the observed action and effects of viruses, and retroviruses--such as HIV--do
in fact significantly differ, what is being called into question is the validity
of labeling microbes--of whatever form--as the key and or sole "cause"
for disease, or as in this case of acquired immunodeficiency.)
Peter Duesberg (Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Calif.-
Berkeley; considered by many to be the world's leading expert on retroviruses;
and Nobel Prize candidate for his work in discovering oncogenes in viruses)
provides compelling evidence that lifestyle based factors serve as the primal
determinants in the evolution of the 20 plus neoplastic and degenerative diseases
that are now associated with AIDS. Employing his own research--complemented
by 196 cited references--an article entitled "HIV and AlDs: Correlation
but not causation," was published in 1989 in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA. This article indicates that "Free"
HIV virus (Free meaning that the retrovirus is already part of the genome) is
not detectable in most cases of AIDS;" "Pure HIV does not cause AIDS
upon experimental infection of chimpanzees or accidental infection of healthy
humans;" and "Epidemiological surveys indicate that the annual incidence
of AIDS [to be understood as a condition symptomized by various secondary infections
for which natural immunity has been lost] depends critically on non-viral [related]
risk factors . . . defined by lifestyle, health, and country of residence."
In an interview published nearly five years later Dr. Duesberg is more convinced
than ever that the HIV retrovirus is not the cause of AIDS, or of the mortality
associated with AIDS. Some of the key points he makes in this important interview
follow:
Bio medical scientist and AIDS researcher Joseph
Sonnabend speaks of ". . . the failure of our scientific and medical institutions
to have provided an even rudimentary understanding of the pathogenesis of this
disease in the eight years since its first description, let alone to have developed
interventions...that might significantly alter its course." His well researched
conclusions include the view that "The association of HIV seropositivity
with AIDS could . . . derive from the possibility that the expression of HIV
(and consequent seroconversion) is an effect, rather than a cause of AIDS. .
."51
In summary, if we retum to Robert Koch's 19th century postulates of the "Germ
Theory," viz. in order to cause disease particular "bacterium:"
a) must be found in every case of the disease; b) must never be found apart
from the disease; and c) must consistently produce the same disease as that
manifested by the body from which the disease related germs were taken; we find
that in reality each postulate has been disproved time and again by varied experience
and experimental data.52
Nonetheless, it appears that to this day there remains only a marginal acknowledgment
or practical recognition that it is the condition of the body-mind complex and
its internal and external environments, which are the principal determinants
of the nature, prevalence and role of bacteria, viruses, and even retroviruses.
THE
BACTERIAL/VIRALVERSUS THE CELLULAR/ECOLOGICALTHEORY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
As a result of the re discovery of many of these earlier scientific investigations,
as well as more recent observations in molecular biology, there has arisen among
more independent scientists and primary health practitioners a new concept that
has been coined as the cellular theory of infectious disease. This seemingly
more logical and updated view, poses a serious challenge to the present unquestioned
emphasis on supporting mass selective medicine approaches (including artificial
immunization) in the Developing World.
The traditional Bacterial--Viral and the emerging Cellular--Ecological theories
of disease are contrasted in the table which follows. The practical acceptance
of the cellular theory as delineated would entail a substantive shift away from
both preventive and therapeutic interventions which are heavily predicated on
Western selective medicine, i.e., vaccines and drugs, and toward fundamental
health improvement measures such as sound nutrition, potable water, sanitation
and overall enhancement of the human physical and social environments.53
Considerable experimental, historical and epidemiological evidence supports
the cellular ecological theory, as outlined in Table D.
Bacterial/Viral
Theory |
Cellular/Ecological
Theory |
| 1. Disease arises from micro-organisms originating outside the body. | 1. The evolution of and susceptibility to disease arises from conditions arising within the cells of the body. |
| 2. As the primary cause of disease, micro-organisms are generally considered as vicious, needing to be destroyed. | 2. These micro-organisms are primarily endogenousto more complex living organisms and normally function to assist the life sustaining and/or metabolic processes of such bodies. |
| 3. The appearance and function of specific micro-organisms is constant. | 3. The appearance and function of these micro-organisms undergo pathogenic changes when the host organism is weakened or injured, which injury may be mechanicallly, biochemically or emotionally induced. |
| 4. Every disease is associated with a particular micro-organism. | Every disease is asssociated with particular factors and conditions. |
| 5. Micro-organisms are primary causal agents. | 5. Micro-organisms become pathogenic, i.e., associated with disease, only when the integral health of the body deteriorates. Hence, psycho-physical integrity is of first importance, as it constitutes the key factor in the prevention, or the remediation of human disease in all its forms. |
| 6. Disease is inevitable and can "strike" anybody, anytime. | 6. Disease arises from the persistent violation of natural laws, and correlated unhealthful conditions. |
| 7. To prevent and cure disease, it is necessary to war upon pathogenic micro-organisms (using toxic aqnd pathogenic weaponry) that as well, destroys the health of the body-mind complex. | 7. To prevent or cure all forms of disease, one need only to ensure that the primal requisites of health ore met, which includes sysstematic compliance with natural physical, psychological, and spiritual law. |
In that major declines in infectious disease took place before the advent of specific vaccines and antibiotics, scientists and or physicians such as Dubos, Dettman, Illich, McCormick, Taylor, Buttram, and Hoffman agree that the overall eradication of varied infectious diseases were due to basic improvements in nutrition, sanitation, housing, education and related socioeconomic conditions. For example, Canadian physician W.J. McCormick was able to make this telling observation at midpoint in the present century.
The usual explanation offered for this changed trend in infectious diseases has been the forward March of medicine in prophylaxis and therapy; but, from a study of the literature, it is evident that these changes in incidence and mortality have been neither synchronous with nor proportionate to such measures . . .
. . . . the decline in diphtheria, whooping cough and typhoid fever began fully fifty years prior to the inception of artificial immunization and followed an almost even grade before and after the adoption of these control measures. In the case of scarlet fever, mumps, measles and rheumatic fever there has been no specific innovation in control measures, yet these also have followed the same general pattern in incidence decline.54
INFECTIOUS DISEASE TABLES
Tables I--X
Span several decades--with some going back to the mid-nineteenth century--and
reveal the evidence upon which McCormack's observation is based.
Tables XI & XII
Provide more recent data which suggest the apparent failure of Expanded Programs
of Immunization in the reversal and prevention of whooping cough (pertussis)
and diphtheria in Nigeria, with notable increases in these diseases occurring
soon after implementation of widespread immunization (tables in the source article
for measles, polio and tetanus, although not included, each suggest that the
impact of EPI was negligible).
Tables XIll--XVIII
Represents the period of a decade in the Dominican Republic (a visually parallel
micro-cosm to the longer decline periods exhibited in the Western world) where
there occurred a general pattern of significant multiple infectious disease
declines--prior to the advent of expanded immunization--with a general pattern
of moderate increases in various disease levels occurring soon after full implementation
of specific immunization interventions, followed by a return to the earlier
decline pattern.
FURTHER BACKGROUND NOTES ON TABLES
Table 1: Deaths of Children Under 15 Years (England & Wales)
Table I--shows that in England and Wales there was a 90 percent decline in child
mortality from the combined infectious diseases of scarlet fever, diptheria,
whooping cough, and measles in the period of 1850 to 1940. The first vaccine
made available was for diptheria in the early 40's, whereas the pertussis (whooping
cough) vaccine became available in the early 50's and the measles vaccine in
the late 60's (no vaccine was provided for scarlet fever).55
Table II: Whooping Cough (England & Wales)
Table II--indicates that in England and Wales the annual death rate of children (under age 15) from whooping cough declined by roughly 98.5 percent in the period covering 1868 to 1953, after which the pertussis vaccine became generally available.56
Table III: Measles (England & Wales)
Table III--shows that in England and Wales the annual death rate of children (under age 15) from measles declined from over 1,100 per million in the mid-neneteenth century, to a level of virtually 0, by the mid 1960's.57
Table IV: Smallpox (England
& Wales)
Table IV--reveals that in England and Wales there was a continuing decline in the annual death rate from smallpox, with a reduction in mortality of roughly 300 per million to virtually 0, taking place in the 60 year period following the middle of the last century. This table further illustrates that the progressive rate of decline was severely disrupted--with a roughly 275 percent increase in mortality from the disease--occurring immediately after smallpox vaccination laws were enforced.58
Table V: Infant Mortality Rate (Australia)
Table V--Indicates that in Australia, approximately two thirds of the total
decline in infant deaths from all childhood infectious diseases, in the period
covering 1881 to 1971, occurred before the introduction of mass immunization
offorts.59
Table VI: Declining Death
Rates (US)
Table VI--reveals that in the United States--without benefit of any vaccine--the tuberculosis mortality rate underwent a drop of roughly 96 percent in the first 60 years of this century; and that in a little short of the same time span (although the effectiveness of the vaccine has been seriously questioned by reputed scientists) mortality from typhoid vanished.60
Table Vll: Declining Death
Rates (England)
Table VII--shows that in England death rates from respiratory tuberculosis underwent a roughly 87 percent decline in the period beginning 1855 and ending in 1947, when antibiotics first came into wide use; and a further decline approximating 93 percent by 1953, preceedin the introduction of the BCG vaccine.61
Table Vlll: Number of Countries
Reporting Smallpox
Table VIII--reveals, in the 17 year period preceeding the WHO Smallpox Eradication Program, a progressive drop to nearly one half, in the number of countries reporting smallpox morbidity.62
Table IX: Acute Rheumatic
Fever Death Rates (Britain)
Table IX--indicates that in Britain, the annual death rate from rheumatic fever
underwent a decline approximating 86 percent in the period covering 1850 to
1946, before penicillin had become available.63
Table X: Scarlet Fever Death
Rate (England & Wales)
Table X--reveals that in the period of 1865 to 1935, before sulfonamides had become available in England and Wales, the annual death rate from scarlet fever declined by approximately 96 percent.64
Table XI: Diphtheria (Nigeria)
Table XI--shows that following a significant increase in the diptheria morbidity
rate which Peaked in 1977, the disease underwent two years of rapid natural
decline--equivalent to 73.5 percent--in the number of cases, with such decline
occurring prior to the immplementation of EPI in 1979. This decline pattern
continued during implementation of EPI to 1980, after which--by 1982--the incidence
of diptheria exhibited a major increase of nearly 30 fold.65
Table XII: Whooping Cough
(Nigeria)
Table XII--shows that a significant increase in the whooping cough morbidity rate (1973 to 1974), was followed by a sharp natural decline from 1974 to 1975 equivalent to 91 percent. The very slight incline which followed up to 1979--when EPI was introduced--still posed an 86.5 percent lower morbidity level than in 1974. Post EPI data indicate a short lived slight decline, followed by an increase in morbidity of 34 percent over the ensuring two years.66
Table XIII: Poliomyelitis
(Dominican Republic)
Table XIII--reveals that in the period of 1980 to mid 1983--before implementation
of EPI the poliomyelitis morbidity rate underwent a natural decline equivalent
to 98.5 percent to wheat is practically an eradication level of only 1 per million.
EPI was followed by a continuing natural decline to zero, however the incidence
of poliomyelitis then underwent a minor increase for two years, and gradually
returned to a zero level in 1980.67
Table XIV: Measles (Dominican
Republic)
Table XIV--indicates that in the period of 1980 to late 1985--before implementation
of EPI the measles morbidity rate underwent a natural decline equivalent to
88 percent. Upon introduction of EPI in late 1985, the natural decline continued
for a brief period, halted and then measles more than doubled from its 1986
and 1987 levels.68
Table XV: Diphtheria (Dominican
Republic)
Table XV--shows that in the period of 1978 to mid 1985--before implementation
of EPI--the diptheria morbidity rate underwent a natural decline equivalent
to 81.5 percent. Upon introduction of EPI in mid 1985, the natural decline continued
for a brief period, and then by 1987 the diptheria case rate more than doubled
from its 1986 level. The disease than returned to its natural rate of decline,
proceeding to a very low level in 1989.69
Table XVI: Pertussis (Dominican
Republic)
Table XVI--reveals that in the period of 1978 to mid 1985--before implementation of EPI the pertussis (whooping cough) morbidity rate underwent a natural decline equivalent to 84.5 percent. Upon introduction of EPI in mid 1985, there was a slight rise and then return to the earlier natural decline pattern reaching its lowest level by 1988. However, by 1989 the pertussis morbidity rate nearly tripled from its 1988 level.70
Table XVII: Tetanus (Dominican
Republic)
Table XVII--indicates that in the period of 1979 to mid 1985--before implementation
of EPI the tetanus morbidity rate underwent a natural decline equivalent to
74 percent. Upon introduction of EPI in mid 1985, the natural rate of decline
continued for a brief period to 1986. However, by 1988 the incidence of tetanus
had more than tripled from its 1986 level, and then by 1988 returned to its
earlier natural decline pattern, reaching a level in 1989 still higher than
its 1986 level.71
Table XVIII: Neonatal Tetanus
(Dominican Republic)
Table XVIII--shows that in the period of 1978
to the end of 1985--before the implementation of EPI (tetanus toxoid for expectant
mothers)--the neonatal tetanus morbidity rate underwent a natural decline equivalent
to 98.5 percent. Upon introduction of EPI in late 1985, the natural rate of
decline continued for a brief period to 1987. However by 1988 the incidence
of neonatal tetanus had increased by nearly five fold over its 1987 rate, and
then by 1989 declined to a level still higher than it was in 1986.72
IMMUNIZATION EFFECTIVENESS DATA
Data on Diphtheria
Ekanem's earlier noted research (Table XI), reveals an increase of 215 percent
in the number of diphtheria cases by the end of the three year period following
implementation of UNICEF's Expanded Program of Immunization. Robert Mendelsohn
(Assoc. Prof. of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Illinois)
reports "that children who have been immunized [for diphtheria] fare no
better than those who have not." He went on to describe an outbreak of
diphtheria in which "fourteen of twenty-three carriers had been fully immunized."
This means that just over 60 percent of the carriers who were presumed to be
protected by the toxoid, contracted the disease. In his words "Episodes
such as these shatter the argument that immunization can be credited with eliminating
diphtheria or any of the other . . . childhood diseases."73
The following conclusion is extracted from the Minutes of the 15th Session
(November 20-21, 1975) of the Panel of Review of Bacterial Vaccines and
Toxoids with Standards and Potency (data presented by the US Bureau of Biologics,
and the Food and Drug Administration).
For several reasons, diphtheria toxoid, fluid or absorbed, is not as effective an immunizing agent as might be anticipated. Clinical (symptomatic) diphtheria may occur . . . in immunized individuals--even those whose immunization is reported as complete by recommended regimes . . . the permanence of immunity induced by the toxoid . . . is open to question.74
Earlier historical data on protective toxoiding efforts in N. America clearly
verify not only the FDA's conclusion, but the fact that the toxoid actually
exacerbated the seriousness of the disease. North American data on various diphtheria
outbreaks in the early 40's, reveal the following facts.
Data on Measles
As already noted earlier in this report, the national per capita case rate in
Thailand for measles in 1982, 2 years before the advent of the Expanded Programme
of Immunization, was lower than in the year 1988, i.e., 5 years after implementation
of EPI. Per Ekanem's earlier cited research, the national per capita case rate
in Nigeria for measles in 1973, 6 years before the advent of UNICEF's Expanded
Programme of Immunization, was lower than in the year 1982, i.e., 3 years after
implementation of EPI.83
The University of Alberta initiated special research on the question of measles
immunity, as a result of a measles epidemic which "swept" the University
campus in 1987, despite a "98 percent immunization rate." The research
team's head immunologist R. Marusyk (who is also affiliated with the Alberta
Provincial Public Health Laboratory) has subsequently confirmed that it is an
invalid assumption that vaccination programs for measles--which are normally
administered at 9 to 12 months, and a later childhood booster shot--confers
lifelong immunity. One of their findings indicated that 93 percent of infants
"who were studied" showed no immunity by the age of six months. The
mothers of the 120 babies had all been vaccinated. Normally, antibodies that
have been transferred at birth from the mother to the child remain present for
a year."84
(According to D. de Saving at IDRC, this transfer and retention of antibodies
apparently occurs when the mother has had an actual measles infection, and not
just vaccination.)
Similar to the experience at the University of Alberta, the National Geographic
in its January 1991 issue article "The Disease Detectives," refers
to a 1988 measles epidemic at Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado USA in these
words: "Surprisingly most who fell ill had been vaccinated. CDC (US Center
for Disease Control) investigators rushed to the campus during the 1988 outbreak
to trace what had gone wrong."
There are repeated reports of measles epidemics occurring in fully vaccinated
populations. These failures have occurred repeatedly since the vaccines introduction.85
Other documented research findings follow:
According to an unpublished WHO research study
comparing what would be defined as a "measles susceptible" group of
children, to a control group that had been immunized for measles, it was observed
that the non-immunized group manifested a normal contraction rate of 2.4 percent,
whereas the immunized group exhibited a 33.5 percent contraction level. This
implies a 15 times greater likelihood of infection by the immunized.89
(The researchers responded to these results with the comment that the vaccine
must have been mishandled, or perhaps the vaccine used was badly manufactured.)
It is of interest that there is an emerging body of mathematically based epidemiological
research which suggests practicable problems with EPI efforts in the control
and eradication of measles in the Developing World. For example, P. Kenya observes
that:
Horizontal mass immunization campaigns at regular intervals may be impractical in terms of costs and operational logistics. . . . In spite of high measles immunization coverages, measles epidemics are often reported, not only in the less developed regions but also in those developed countries with measles elimination targets.90
Data on Polio
An article in a major consumer journal titled "Twentieth-century miraclemaker,"
in extolling the value of Salk's polio vaccine, indicated that in 1953, there
were 15,600 cases of paralytic polio in the United States; by 1957, due to the
vaccine, this number dropped to 2,499." Since this popular conception persists
to this day as an important demonstration of the effectiveness of vaccination
procedures in general, and the polio vaccine in particular, it bears some re-examination.
Bernard Greenberg (late Dean--School of Public Health, University of N. Carolina)
who--during the polio epidemics of the 50's--chaired the Committee on Evaluation
and Standards for the American Public Health Association, submitted testimony
to the Congressional Hearings on polio vaccines (HR0541, 1962). His evidence
respecting diagnostic modifications and statistical manipulation, seriously
challenged the popularly promoted view that the epidemics subsided as a result
of vaccine intervention. In his words "As a result of . . . changes in
both diagnosis and diagnostic methods, the rates of paralytic poliomyelitis
plummeted from the early 1950's to a low in 1957." This involved:
It is of further interest that Greenberg testified
that after the introduction of much more intensive and frequently compulsory
immunization programs--beginning in 1957--there was a correspondingly substantial
increase in polio cases (which were presumably paralytic, due to the aforenoted
reclassification process). In the period of 1957-1958 there was a 50 percent
increase, and 1958-1959 an 80 percent increase in such cases. He also indicated
that during this period statistics were manipulated and statements made by the
US Public Health service, to give an opposite impression.92
A distinguished interdisciplinary medical panel moderated at the 120th
Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Medical Society, confirmed that in the
year 1959, roughly 1,000 cases of paralytic polio occurred in persons who had
previously received multiple doses of the Salk vaccine. As a panel member,
B. Greenberg contributed the following observation:
One of the most obvious pieces of misinformation . . . is that the 50 percent rise in paralytic poliomyelitis in 1958, and the real accelerated increase in 1959 have been caused by persons failing to be vaccinated This represents . . . an unwillingness to face facts and to evaluate the true effectiveness of the Salk vaccine. . . . A scientific examination of the data and the manner in which the data were manipulated, will reveal that the true effectiveness of the present Salk vaccine is unknown and greatly overrated.93
When pediatrician R. Mendelsohn, was asked whether
polio would return if vaccinations were stopped, he replied "Doctors admit
that forty percent of our population is not immunized against polio. So where
is polio? Diseases are like fashions, they come and go . . ." Later on
US National television he referred to epidemiological records which revealed
the disappearance of polio in Europe during the 40's and 50's, without benefit
of immunizations.94
Speaking at an international health convention in 1978, A. Burton reported that
statistical data compiled by the University of New South Wales in Australia
revealed that polio immunization programs had no measurable impact in reversing
what was a recent epidemic in that country. He expressed the view that polio
comes in cycles anyway, and when it does subside, it is inadvertently considered
"conquered" by vaccines.95
This naturally occurring cycle in polio epidemics was well illustrated in Great
Britain where polio peaked in 1950, and had declined by 82 percent by the year
1956, at which time the vaccine was first introduced.96
Returning to the earlier cited US Congressional Hearings (HR 1054), we
find that the nation of Israel experienced a major "type I" polio
epidemic in 1958. Mass polio immunization had already been enforced and there
was no appreciable difference in contraction levels between the vaccinated and
unvaccinated. Additionally, 3 years later in 1961, the state of Massachusetts
experienced a "type II" polio outbreak in which "there were more
paralytic cases in the triple vaccinates than in the unvaccinated".97
It is noteworthy that in one of the few double blind trials that have been conducted
on a vaccine, was for the Salk polio vaccine, in which trial over 200 individuals
who received the vaccine went on to contract polio, whereas no observed polio
cases developed amongst the controls. This trial was reported by Mendelsohn
who in the same 1984 article wrote:
The evidence points to mass inoculation against polio as the cause of most remaining cases of the disease . . . there is an ongoing debate among the immunologists regarding the . . . killed virus vs. live virus vaccine. Supporters of the killed virus vaccine maintain that it is the presence of live virus organisms in the other product that is responsible for thepolio cases that . . . appear. Supporters of the live virus type argue that the killed virus vaccine offers inadequate protection and actually increases the susceptibility (to polio) of those vaccinated. . . . I believe that both factions are right, and that use of either of the vaccines will increase not diminish the possibility that your child will contract the disease.98
Thirteen scientists recently concluded that: vaccine failures in the major Oman
polio epidemic could not be explained by failures in the cold chain, nor on
suboptimum vaccine potency; the efficacy of OPV in inducing "humoral immunity"
was lower than expected; and primary reliance on routine polio immunization
may be "inadequate" to achieve the goal of eradicating polio by the
year 2000. (They also noted similar paralytic polio epidemics in other highly
vaccinated populations,99
e.g., the Gambia, Brazil, and Taiwan.)
Data on Pertussis (Whooping
Cough)
V. Fulginiti, Chairman of the American Academy of Paediatrics Committee on Infectious
Diseases made this incisive observation:
Despite more than 30 years of experience with pertussis immunization, the reasons for recovery from the acute infection and subsequent immunity, are still uncertain. It is known that second attacks are rare following natural disease. It is also known that 45-95% of recipients of pertussis vaccine are susceptible to pertussis up to 12 years later . . . we do not understand the immunologic mechanisms involved in resistance to infection after natural disease or immunization.
Is pertussis vaccine effective? . . . prior to the widespread use ofpertussis vaccine, both the incidence of pertussis and the case-fatality ratio declined. A 50-fold reduction in incidence and an 84% reduction in case-fatality were recorded in Great Britain in the years between 1947 and 1972. . . . In England, protection provided by vaccines prior to 1968 was meager; no greater than 20% protection was noted. . . . Britain is in the position of advocating use of a vaccine for which there are not hard data.100
G.T. Stewart's observations as published in
the British Medical Journal indicated that "of 8,092 cases of whooping
cough, 2,940 (36%) were fully immunized, while only 2,424 (30%) were definitely
not immunized."101
A Medical Tribune Report (January 10, 1979) details an outbreak of whooping
cough in which 46 out of 85 fully immunized children contracted the disease.102
(the reason that the other 39 did
not contract the disease could have been related to any number of predisposing
factors).
Ekanem's earlier noted research (Table IX) , reveals an increase of 21 percent
in the number whooping cough cases by the end of the three year period following
implementation of an Expanded Program of Immunization in Nigeria.103
Data on Tetanus Toxoid
and Immune Globulin
Neustaedter indicates that "Tetanus seems to be nearly eliminated from
the United States, primarily because of good hygiene and proper wound management."
His research suggests that in the period of 1982-1984 in the US, there were
a total of nine tetanus cases among both children and adolescents, in which
there were no deaths.104
Whereas Coumoyer's research points to "contaminated umbilical stump infections"
as a principal cause of tetanus in the Developing World.105
Such infections can be effectively
rectified through providing appropriate information and training to traditional
birth attendants.
Both Cournoyer and Johnson indicate that there have been some reports of lock
jaw death in properly inoculated individuals.106
& 107 Additionally Cournoyer
suggests that "Evidence in support of the (tetanus toxoid) vaccine comes
from epidemiologic studies which are by nature controversial, and which do not
satisfy the criteria for scientific proof.108
According to the data contained in Table XVII, in the Dominican Republic the
incidence of tetanus among children actually increased in the two year period
following administration of tetanus toxoid. Table XVIII indicates that in the
same country, the rate of neonatal tetanus--among mothers underwent an increase
in the year following administration of tetanus toxoid.109
WHO SMALLPOX ERADICATION
SUCCESS RECONSIDERED
Although smallpox is apparently now accorded to the history books, it will be
necessary to re-examine the issue of this disease having been universally eradicated,
with particular reference to the WHO eradication campaign. An honest look at
this question is of considerable importance, as the current worldwide UCI-EPI
program gains much of its legitimacy and inspiration from this widely acclaimed
success story.
A strong challenge to this now popular view, is reflected in the post-campaign
findings of medical researchers like Buttram and Hoffman:
Most people probably credit the smallpox vaccine with playing the major role in recent eradication of smallpox throughout the world, but let us examine the facts. In the article 'Vaccines a Future in Question,' statistics showed that less than 10 percent of children in developing countries have received vaccines.
They went on to comment that with this level
of coverage, the WHO campaign was not a real factor in the eradication. Data
obtained in their broad based research also led them to conclude that "mass
smallpox vaccination was not necessary for the eradication of smallpox.110
In further examining this question from a longer historical perspective, it
became readily apparent that the WHO claim did not at all square with the earlier
data, i.e., historical smallpox eradication efforts. If we go back as far as
the last century, we discover that Creighton's independent research findings
as published in the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, strongly
contradict the effectiveness of mass smallpox immunization programs. A few revealing
excerpts follow:
As we move on into the earlier part of this century we find the same dismal picture of increased susceptibility correlated with increased vaccination coverage. Dettman and Kalokerinos describe a visit they paid to the Philippines about 15 years ago:
. . . We were fortunate enough to address their own medical (and) health officials where we reminded them of the incidence of smallpox in formerly "immunized" Filipinos. We invited them to consult their own medical records and asked them to correct us if our own facts and figures disagreed. No such correction has been forthcoming, and we can only conclude that between 1918-1919 there were 112,549 cases of smallpox notified, with 60,855 deaths. Systematic (mass) vaccination started in 1905, and since its introduction case mortality increased alarmingly. Their own records comment that "The mortality is hardly explainable." 112
Speaking at a 1973 environmental conference
in Brussels, Professor George Dick admitted that in recent decades, 75 percent
of those that have contracted smallpox in Britain, have had prior a history
of vaccination. In that "only 40%" of children were vaccinated (and
at most 10 percent of adults), such figures clearly indicate that the vaccinated--as
in the much earlier historical record--continue to show a higher tendency to
contract the disease. Dick also admitted that smallpox had been eradicated in
certain tropical countries without mass vaccination.113
(Table VIII reveals that in the 16 year period preceding the year the WHO eradication
campaign was launched--38 additional countries had ceased to report any smallpox
cases.)114
A. Hutchison writing in the Journal of the Royal Society in 1974, referred
to the smallpox vaccines "lack of potency" and the inadequacies of
other measures for containment, in his words, "I have given details of
the various outbreaks of smallpox in Britain and where they were diagnosed.
These clearly indicate that the (preventive) measures are most ineffective.115
An article in the New Scientist indicates that "The smallpox family
of viruses is genetically unstable," and that new viral strains which threaten
the "WHO smallpox eradication programme, could emerge anywhere.116
It is thus of interest that in a
1980 article in the Australasian Nurses Journal, Dettman and Kalokerinos
pointed out that electron-microscopy cannot distinguish between the various
"poxviruses.117
(According to D, de Saving of IDRC, as of 1990 DNA sequencing can make the distinquishingment.
What is not known though, is whether this has any beating on the reporting of
the various "pox" diseases worldwide.) This fact led them to raise
a vitally significant question "as to whether smallpox may be declared
conquered, (it's estimated that only 10 percent of the world population actually
received the vaccine) with the possibility of it masquerading under the guise
of a similar pox." Their line of evidence and reasoning is summarily stated:
. . . we claim that if the evidence is honestly evaluated that smallpox has actually been prolonged and that the so called protective vaccinations actually put the recipient at risk from . . . the disease itself. Authorities now realize this and the 'top world' countries are making vociferous protests about third world countries continuing use of smallpox vaccination because (a) suddenly it has become recognized that it is an extremely dangerous procedure, (To give some idea of the vaccine's dangers, it was reported--in the late sixties--that annually, roughly 3,000 children were experiencing varying degrees of brain damage due to the smallpox vaccine; and according to G. Kiftel in 1967, smallpox vaccination damaged the hearing of 3,296 children in West Germany, of which 71 became totally deaf.117) and (b) it has now been conquered. The ultimate in ingenuity. . . .118
In turning to recognized textbooks on human
virology and vertebrate viruses we find that attention has been given since
1970 to a disease called "monkeypox," which is said to be "clinically
indistinguishable from smallpox." Cases of this disease have been found
in Zaire, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone (by May
1983, 101 cases have been reported). It is observed that " . . . the existence
of a virus that can cause clinical smallpox is disturbing, and the situation
is being closely monitored."119
(For a highly detailed account of the history of this disease and efforts to
eradicate it, which further corroborates these observations, see, Razzell P.,
The Conquest of Smallpox, Caliban Books, United Kingdom, 1977.)
VACCINE ASSOCIATED
DANGERS--GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
Another basic issue that has never been raised in the programming, or evaluation
contexts of Official Development Assistance supported mass immunization, is
the requirement for effective monitoring and research on potential vaccinal
adverse effects. The issue of vaccine dangers and damage is obviously a rather
unpleasant subject that no one really enjoys thinking or talking about. In fact
it appears to have been totally ignored in both the planning and execution phases
of Canada's International Immunization Programme(CIIP). Furthermore, the recently
completed Qperational Review of CIIP 1986--1991, which according to its
sub-title was supposed to address inter alia ". . . lessons learned in
the first three years," failed to even raise the two very fundamental issues
of vaccine effectiveness, and vaccine damage.120
In special PHC-EPI research conducted for the CIDA Evaluation Division, the
conclusion was reached that the extensive literature written on the subject
of immunization, adverse reactions and contra indications, points clearly to
the reality that "massive immunization programs carry with them a number
of very real risks and hazards.121
According to information recently provided by CIDA's Health and Population Directorate
the World Health Organization as of October, 1990 has instituted a policy for
"adverse event monitoring" in Developing World Immunization activities.
A definitive policy statement on this issue titled Monitoring
of Adverse Events Following Immunization, is apparently available as of
April 1991. The implications of VMO's recognition of the significance of this
issue to the setting of public policy priorities for EPI research, monitoring
and evaluation should be apparent. In order to provide some background on why
the WHO is now taking these measures, a few critical observations follow.
In recognition of potential vaccine dangers, David Karzon of the Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine raises important policy considerations with respect
to mass immunization programs in the Editorials section of the New England
Journal of Medicine.
. . . there are two compelling reasons for reinspection of the process offormulating and implementing our immunization program: the emergence of new societal considerations and responsibilities; and the need for a fuller public disclosure of the costs of disease prevention . . . we as a society have not recognized and accepted all the costs . . . costs measured not only in dollars spent or saved, but also as adverse biologic reactions.
Literally no drug or procedure used in medicine is risk free. Immunizing antigens, originating from complex biological materials or arising as genetically attenuated live agents, have their own peculiar endogenous hazards, Complications . . . are particularly apt to be visible in mass immunization campaigns. . . . The quality of the data base for national decisions is critical because any vaccine recommendation carries such a vast Potentialfor harm or good.122
It is unfortunate that UNICEF EPI field reports
tend to dismiss the concerns raised by "targeted" locals to the issue
of vaccine damage, as based on misinformation provided by unreliable local health
staff, or the ignorance of fearful mothers, both of whom need re-education.
For instance a recent UNICEF annual project report in discussing EPI stated,
"A WHO-UNICEF team found that drop out rates were high because of the fear
of side effects as expressed by mothers, (and) misinformation about contraindications
. . . as communicated by health workers. . . . As a result, increased attention
is being directed toward health education. . . ."123
To say the least, it seems incongruous that this issue is paternalistically
ignored as an insignificant concern raised by the misinformed and the ignorant,
when Canadian citizens are being alerted by the media that the Canadian Government
is expected to announce "disaster relief" to families "of vaccine
damaged children."124 This
relatively recent report suggests that vaccine damage is likely more pervasive
a problem than is generally acknowledged or believed. In fact, it appears that
chronic under-reporting of vaccine-induced morbidity, disability, and mortality
appears to be the norm. Probably the most erudite scholar who has thoroughly
investigated the issue of vaccine hazards, is Sir Graham Wilson. As Honorary
Lecturer in the Department of Bacteriology at the London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine, the following observations are excerpted from an earlier
lecture series delivered at that school.
The risks attendant in use of vaccines and sera are not as well recognized as they should be. Indeed our knowledge of them is still too small, and the incomplete knowledge we have is not widely disseminated.. a very small proportion [of the actual numbers of vaccine accidents] . . . have been described in the medical literature of the world.
. . . a large number of accidents--I suspect the majority--have never been reported in print, either through fear of compensation claims, or of giving a weapon to antivaccinationists . . . I have come to the conclusion that no vaccine or antiserum can be regarded as completely safe . . . no vaccine or antiserum that has yet been used has been free from complications or accidents . . . [with respect to assessing the "degree of possible danger" he indicates that] Unless both the numerator and the denominator are known, quantitative assessments may fall wide of the true mark. Moreover, the risk, even for a single vaccine, is not uniform. It varies, among other things, with the immunological status of the population concerned..
The inherent danger of all vaccination procedures should be a deterrent to their unnecessary or unjustifiable use. Vaccination is far too often employed, especially in the developing countries . . . and should not be used as an [instead] excuse from applying the well tried standard methods for the prevention of infectious disease. Most important is it to realize the potential dangers of mass immunization. In such an operation time does not permit an inquiry into the suitability of each individual subject for vaccination.125
A strong echo of Wilson's conclusion that vaccine damage is chronically under reported, is found in the official minutes of the 15th session of the US Panel of Review of Bacterial Vaccines and Toxoids with Standards and Potency.
Many physicians are not cognizant of the importance of reporting untoward reactions, or may be unaware of their clinical features. Further, both physicians and manufacturers have been held liable for damage suits by patients who may suffer adverse effects from established vaccines. All of these factors undoubtedly discourage reporting; without some other form of surveillance, definition of the rates and significance of untoward reactions to current and future vaccines cannot be ascertained.126
H.S. Martland, former Chief Medical Examiner for Essex County New York, describes how the above unawareness actually translates into practice:
Deaths from brain and spinal cord diseases (poliomyelitis, encephalitis, and meningitis) resulting from . . . immunizations sometimes are attributed to other causes, because doctors are not sufficiently alerted to the connection between immunizations and the deaths. . . .127
Neustadter maintains that the research on vaccine
side effects by the pharmaceutical industry remains seriously marginalized due
to a significant number of vaccine reactions going unreported, and the fact
that it is often difficult to attribute delayed effects with a vaccine. He further
suggests that the reason that the medico-pharmaceutical industry has consistently
failed to address the unanswered question of the long term effects of vaccines,
stems largely from their overriding interest in the active promotion, and rapid
marketing of vaccines. Investigation of their adverse side effects generally
remains a non-priority issue, insofar as such efforts may undermine the public's
acceptance of their products.128
On the other hand, Snead suggests
that when laboratories go public to the media and confirm that "no known
problems" exist, this does not mean that scientists have researched to
the limits of their knowledge and found no side effects, but rather that no
research has actually been done.129
Although there is compelling evidence that vaccine induced damage remains chronically
under-reported, it is of interest that B. Bloom of the Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, openly admits that there is today an emerging reluctance on the
part of medico-pharrnaceutical industry to further develop vaccines, for both
the developed and Developing Worlds. According to Bloom, this reluctance stems
from the fact that financial losses due to the "liability" of established
vaccines, actually exceed the "profits" derived from them.130
In this vein, Mendelsohn indicates that vaccine costs have "skyrocketed"
as a consequence of multiple jury awards to damaged children. In his words:
As more and more parents begin to recognize the link between vaccines and their child's condition--epilepsy, convulsions, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, Sudden Infant Death, etc.--lawsuits have become commonplace. As drug companies exit the vaccine field, public health authorities worry about vaccine shortages. 131
OF WHAT DO VACCINE PRODUCTS
CONSIST?
It would be instructive to consider the range of substances--additional to the
attenuated virus etc. normally found in vaccine products. Specific viruses and
bacteria are grown in the following substances, with their foreign proteins
(antigens) including those derived from: pig or horse blood; rabbit brain tissue;
dog and monkey kidney tissue; chicken and duck egg; and calf serum. (It is generally
acknowledged that any foreign substances including proteins--which have not
been filtered through the body's normal digestive assimilative, and excretory
processes, can be highly toxic when freely ranging in the lymphatic and blood
systems.) Other foreign additives normally found in various vaccines include:
Commenting on the inclusion of such substances
in vaccine products, R. Moskowitz indicates that "the fact is that we do
not know and have never attempted to discover what actually becomes of these
foreign substances, once they are inside of the body."133
Although there are "rigid" precautions in licensing the use and quantity
of these common stabilizers and preservative, it certainly seems self-evident
that there should be further research to better determine what relationship--if
any--exists between such poisons, and various adverse reactions.
SOME
OBSERVED AND POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SPACIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS--DIAGNOSABLE
IN THE SHORT TERM
By principally focusing on stimulating the production of antibody--which
increasing evidence suggests is only one marginal indicative factor among many
in immunity to disease--while ignoring the basic multiple determinants of natural
immunity (health), viruses, foreign antigens and proteins are placed directly
into the body tissues and are in turn carried throughout the circulatory system
(without censoring by the liver) giving them direct accessibility to all of
the body's vital organs and systems. Furthermore, it is an EPI strategy that
this short-circuiting of the body's natural defense system is imposed at an
extremely vulnerable time of life.134
The stage has thus been set for the advent of a wide range of adverse complications
and sequelae.
What follows is a simple listing of observed side effects of specific vaccines,
or when noted toxoids. Practically all of the conditions listed are commonly
reported in the medical literature as linked to the prior administration of
the particular vaccine or toxoid noted. A few conditions listed--such as the
sudden infant death syndrome linked to the pertussis vaccine--are not admitted
by mainstream medicine as an adverse effect of that particular vaccine, however
the research as referenced is reputable and points otherwise. (The vaccines
covered in this section have been confined to those prescribed in the Universal
Childhood Immunization program.)
MEASLES
juvenile-onset diabetes
Reye's syndrome
multiplesclerosis (degeneration of the central nervous system)135
PERTUSSIS (WHOOPING COUGH)
DIPHTHERIA
(The following has occurred with combined diphtheria-tetanus vaccination, and
could be associated with either.)
TETANUS TOXOID
POLIO (OPV--ORAL LIVE-VIRUS)
GENERAL (I.E., IN COMBINATION)
EXTENT
AND NATURE OF OBSERVABLE VACCINE DAMAGE
There is a considerable range in estimates given as to the frequency of
damage being produced by particular vaccines. A case in point is the American
manufactured DPT vaccine, for which the claim is made that only 1 in 300,000
vaccinates exhibit permanent neurologic damage,141
whereas other researchers suggest that permanent damage levels can reach as
high as 1 in 300.142
Coumoyer's research findings fall between these two extremes for permanent neurologic
or brain damage. Her conclusions indicate that the following varied rate reactions
occur in vaccinates, per number of children vaccinated:
Again to illustrate the great variation in estimates,
a relatively recent study at UCLA (see Cody et al, ref 136) found that as many
as one in every 13 children exhibited persistent high pitched crying after receiving
the DPT vaccine. In reference to this specific reaction, physician B. Young
states that "This may be indicative of brain damage in the recipient child."144
According to data researched by Coulter and Fisher, of the 3.3 million children
vaccinated yearly in the US: 16,038 have high pitched (encephalitic) screaming
(which is considered by many neurologists as indicative of central nervous system
irritation); 8,484 have convulsions; and 8,484 undergo collapse; "for an
annual total of 33,006 cases of acute neurological reactions within 48 hours
of a DPT shot." The authors further suggest that there is a strong basis
for concern with respect to the long term reaction to the DPT vaccine.
Severe neurologic sequelae may . . . occur after vaccination in the absence
of an acute reaction. When the baby reacts to a DPT shot with "a slight
fever and fussiness for a few days" this may be, and often is, a case of
encephalitis which is quite capable of causing even quite severe long-term neurologic
consequences . . . . They further suggest that any who would dismiss this possibility,
must first establish a basis for distinguishing between post-vaccinal encephalitis
and encephalitis arising from other causes.145
As a final observation on the issue of short term vaccine dangers, is the postulated
linkage of immunization with the "mysterious" problem of sudden infant
death (SIDS) in which infants can die "suddenly and quietly" in their
cribs. Australian microbiologist Glen Dettman explains that when large amounts
of an antigen are given the body responds by a massive release of adrenal products
including: cortisol, adrenalin, and an excessive level of endorphins, actually
"as much as a thousand times more than is normally released by the brain."
He goes on to observe that:
The endorphins will suppress respiration and cardiac function. Thus if a child with malnutrition, or an immune problem, is given a load of antigen larger than it can handle--and this antigen may be an immunisation--endorphins may result in respiratory or cardiac failure and death.146
Torch's research indicates that two-thirds of
103 infants who were victims of the sudden death syndrome had been immunized
with DPT vaccine within the 3 week period preceding death, with many dying within
a day of receiving the vaccine.147
In a widely debated occurrence of SIDS in Tennessee (USA), in which eleven infant
deaths occurred within eight days of a DPT vaccination, (nine from the same
lot), and five within 24 hours of vaccination (four from the same lot). Mortimer
reported that the probability of this being mere chance or coincidental to be
between 2 and 5 in 1,000;148
whereas Shannon reported a much lower chance association of 4 and 5 in 10,000.149
LONG
TERM (DELAYED) POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF IMMUNIZATION
Leaving the continuing controversies that exist over the extent and nature of
observable adverse reactions to vaccines, we go on to the equally serious spectre
of delayed reactions and the larger unanswered questions which surround the
long term consequences of immunization. (The material in both this and the following
section on "Immunization and Immune Malfunction" is afforded not necessarily
as definitive and factual conclusions, but rather as preliminary research observations
on vital--albeit controversial--issues and questions which undoubtedly merit
further examination, research and analyses.) We began the exploration of this
issue by reviewing some basic concepts and concerns relative to the strongly
suspected linkage between live viral vaccines and the enormous escalation of
varied auto-immune disorders.
Joshua Lederberg, a Stanford University School of Medicine geneticist and Nobel
Prize winner, was perhaps the first to raise the warning that the use of live
virus vaccines in mass immunization campaigns represents "biological engineering
on a rather large scale." He goes on to comment:
While these [vaccines] are thought to be of indubitable value for preventing serious diseases, their global impact on the development of human beings of a side range of genotypes is hard to assess at our present stage of wisdom. . . . Live viruses are themselves genetic messages used for the purpose of programming human cells for the synthesis of immunogenic virus antigens.150
Researchers such as Buttram postulate that the
use of live viral vaccines in mass immunization programs introduces foreign
genetic material into the human system, which has precipitated an unprecedented
escalation of various auto-immune disorders in recent decades. These are disorders
wherein antibodies or immune cells indiscriminately attack the tissues of one's
own body-mind complex.151
Harvard graduate and physician, R. Moskowitz, explains how the live viruses
in vaccines can, in the long term, lead to such auto-immune disease conditions.
Vaccinal attenuated viruses attach their own genetic "episome" to
the genome (half set of chromosomes and their genes) of the host cell, and are
thus capable of surviving or remaining latent within the host cells for years.
The presence of this foreign antigenic material within the host cell sets the
stage for their unpredictable provocation of various auto-immune phenomena such
as herpes, shingles, warts, tumors--both benign and malignant--and diseases
of the central nervous system, such as varied forms of paralysis and inflammation
of the brain.152
Markowitz further poses the caution that vaccines do not act by merely producing
pale or mild copies of the original disease, but all of them commonly produce
a variety of symptoms of their very own. In some cases "these illnesses
may be considerably more serious than the original disease, involving deeper
structures, more vital organs, and less of a tendency to resolve spontaneously.
Even more worrisome is the fact that they are almost always more difficult to
recognize."153
A British Medical Journal article by Miller et al, reports that "Various
German authors have described the apparent provocation of multiple sclerosis
by--vaccination against smallpox, typhoid, tetanus, polio, and tuberculosis."154
No less disconcerting is the warning
raised by Rutgers University Professor R. Simpson when he addressed science
writers at a seminar sponsored by the American Cancer Society:
Immunization Programs against flu, measles, mumps, polio and so forth may actually be seeding humans with RNA to form latent proviruses in cells throughout the body. These latent proviruses could be molecules in search of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Parkinson's disease, and perhaps cancer.155
As if echoing Simpson, Dettman also raises the
caution: that "some of the attenuated strains of vaccines that we advocate
may be implicated with . . . a number of degenerative diseases including rheumatoid
arthritis, leukaemia, diabetes and multiple sclerosis."156
A study in Science reported a notable similarity between certain diffffent
viruses (including measles and influenza) and the protein structure of the brains
protective myelin sheaths. This being the case, antibodies induced by live viral
vaccines could well be cross reacting and attacking brain cells.157
Medical historian Harris Coulter has developed a systematic and comprehensive
thesis that childhood immunizations frequently result in a demyelinating encephalitis.(As
already noted, encephalitis [inflammation of the brain] has been associated
with the pertussis, tetanus, and measles vaccines.) This condition prevents
the normal development of the protective myelin sheaths of the brain and nerve
cells during infancy and early childhood. Such adverse pathologic changes may,
on a visible level, lead to a range of leaming disabilities and behaviourial
problems, (As many as one in five elementary school children are now considered
to have some form of minimal brain damage."158
It is also estimated that in the US over one million children are medicated
with powerful amphetamine drugs.159)
158, 159
which are now being encountered in the West with increasing frequency.160
Bruce Rabin, a professor of pathology and psychiatry at Western Psychiatric
Institute, Pittsburgh has found evidence that approximately one-third of all
cases of schizophrenia are auto-immune in nature, with immune bodies attacking
the brain cells.161
When we consider the alarming increase in the numbers of schizophrenic cases,
and the now credible "viral hypothesis of mental disorders,"162
childhood vaccine programs can be considered as highly suspect in playing a
causative role.
Medical Professor, R. Mendelsohn summarily comments that:
While the myriad short-term hazards of most immunizations are known (but rarely explained), no one knows the long-term consequences of injecting foreign proteins into the body . . . . Even more shocking is the fact that no one is making any structured effort to find out.
There is growing suspicion that immunization against . . . childhood diseases may be responsible for the dramatic increase in auto-immune diseases since mass inoculations were introduced. These are fearful diseases such as cancer, leukaemia, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Lou Gehrig's disease, lupus erythematosus, and the Guillain-Barré syndrome. . . . Have we traded mumps and measles for cancer and leukaemia? 163
Noted Russian specialist in neuro-pathology,
A.D. Speransky, concurs with the foregoing premonitory insights when he warns
that post-vaccinal diseases might occur long after the operation has been forgotten.
He raises the disquieting observation that ". . . it is conceivable that
by these methods we may be crippling humanity."164
Whether considering the short or longer term dangers of immunization programs,
it is further unsettling when we consider the evidence that the public cannot
really place much confidence in organized medicine to conduct itself in an honest
and forthright fashion. For example, in 1982 the Forum of the American Academy
of Paediatrics (AAP) rejected a proposed resolution which would have ensured
that the:
AAP make available in clear, concise language information which a reasonable parent would want to know about the benefits and risks of routine immunizations, the risks of vaccine preventable diseases and the management of common adverse reactions to immunizations.165
EVIDENCES
FOR IMMUNIZATION INDUCED IMMUNE MALFUNCTION
There is a growing body of evidence that vaccinations damage the immune system
itself. For example, during a placebo controlled trial of acellular pertussis
vaccines, a cluster of invasive bacterial infections with fatal outcome occurred
among vaccinated children, as compared with unvaccinated children of the same
birth grouping. A review of the trial data led to the conclusion that "The
hypothesis of an immunosuppresive effect of the vaccines, which would explain
the deaths . . . could not be refuted by the data."166
It is the studied conclusion of H. Buttram and J. Hoffman (Harold Buffram M.D.,
a graduate of Oklahoma Medical School, with a post internship in internal medicine,
has over 30 years of medical practice in the State of Pennsylvania. John Hoffman
Ph.D., is a Cell Biologist and when interviewed was serving as a biomedical
researcher in the Department of Molecular Biology at the University of Wyoming),
that early childhood vaccination "cannot help but have adverse effects
on the immunologic system of the child, possibly leaving this system crippled
in its ability to protect the child throughout life . . . . opening the way
for other diseases as a result of immunologic dysfunction."167
In reviewing their hypothesis of vaccine induced immune malfunction the evidence
they present is substantive (citing numerous references, including four recognized
textbooks on paediatrics and immunology), and their line of reasoning convincing.
The following observations are made:
Despite the fact that immune malfunction is
"often delayed, indirect, and masked, (and) its true nature is seldom recognized,"
there is now sufficient evidence to suggest that growing disclosure of both
the short and longer term dangers of current vaccination programs will serve
to precipitate public demand for research to examine danger-free alternative
methods for the prevention of infectious diseases.169
J.E. Craighead, in summarizing the results of a workshop on "Disease Accentuation
after Immunization with Inactivated Microbial Vaccines," sponsored by the
US National Institutes of Health, indicated that the process of:
. . . immuno-prophylaxis can be carried out safely only when the natural history and pathogenesis of a disease is understood. In each of the conditions considered at the workshop, this detailed knowledge was lacking when vaccine trials were initiated in man. Had the vaccines induced lasting solid immunity, prolonged protection might have resulted, although this conclusion is far from certain. Moreover, production of circulating antibodies or induction of cellular immunity (or both) may be hazardous when local immune mechanisms of the mucosa are not operative.
Accentuation of disease was an unexpected complication of immunization in each of the conditions. Disease was accentuated when the subject (vaccinate) was exposed again, experimentally or under natural circumstances, weeks or even years after completion of the immunization regimen. Prolonged, intensive surveillance of immunization subjects apparently is a requirement. . . . One can only wonder whether or not recipients of currently licensed vaccines . . . that provide variable and transient immunity are being followed adequately . . . . Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that susceptibility to infection and disease is affected by still undefined constitutional influences. 170
It is evident that Craighead's key question
of what constitutes the still undefined "influences" will be effectively
resolved only when the focus of selective medicine is able to make a radical
shift towards displacing its present adventitious arsenal of vaccines and toxic
drugs, with the normal and natural requisites of life and health. This is stated
because the historical record, and common sense point to the latter approach
as constituting the only sound basis for ensuring--not undermining--immune functionality,
thus effectively resolving the actual underlying causes of both infectious and
degenerative disease in man.
THE ETHICS OF UNIVERSAL
CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION
There is indeed more than sufficient evidence to warrant far greater caution
and questioning, than is now evident in the public drumbeating, idealism, and
unqualified affirmations promoting the safety and effectiveness of Universal
Childhood Immunization Programs. In fairness, it can be noted that some cautions
have been raised on this issue from within medical circles. In summarizing an
article on whether prevention of post-immunization adverse effects is possible,
the editor(s) of Postgraduate Medicine recommend that:
Parents must be informed of the rare possibility of serious adverse effects, including seizure and allergic reaction. Every physician who administers vaccine therefore needs to become familiar with the reactions that may occur with each immunologic agent used. The best safeguard against litigation, when and if a serious reaction follows vaccination, is the indication that these considerations were discussed and that an informed choice was made.171
Nonetheless, we find that UCI-EPI as it has been generally conceived and executed represents two major departures from the time honoured ethics and traditions of medicine. These are:
Just as environmentalists rightly challenge
the appropriateness and right of big business interests to pollute our fragile
natural environment with man-made chemicals, there arises the more personal,
urgent and serious matter of protecting the precious body-mind complex from
foreign and complex biological products that may well be touted as safe today,
but condemned as dangerous tomorrow. Indeed scientists and physicians now openly
admit that they have only a limited knowledge of the short term, and even less
understanding of the long term consequences of challenging the bio-immune systems
of children with a myriad of manufactured vaccines and related toxins.
This in turn poses the more basic question of whether medical and political
authorities have the actual right--by reason and moral justice--to compel and
expose unnumbered children the world over to undertake what are in fact unnecessary
and potentially dangerous risks to their life and long term health. It is reprehensible
that such actions continue to be enforced by authorities, while parents and
local health workers are not accorded any practical knowledge of the known dangers
involved, and the extent to which there prevails a general ignorance of the
longer term consequences.173
It goes without saying that monopolization is just as dangerous in public health
as is it is in the field of general business. The human experience has demonstrated
time and again that monopoly and compulsion in any field inevitably brings stagnation,
whereas freedom of choice and the opportunity to explore alternatives brings
genuine progress.174
BANE OR BOON?
SELECTIVE MEDICINE IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Given the fact that UCI stands at the forefront as a centrepiece in the
"selective medicine primary health care model" (around which has grown
a powerful multi-billion dollar pharmaceutical industry), we must reconsider
its overall relevance to human health. In selective medicine the relationship
becomes one where the professional alone holds the authorized enlightenment
and skills, while the community and its people come to represent the baser qualities
of ignorance and subservient faith. This dynamic engenders in the community
an unhealthful respect for officially authorized solutions, even when their
effectiveness is in fact illusory. The Aboriginal peoples of N. America have
now reached the unenviable distinction of being not only the most thoroughly
immunized and medically drugged, but also the sickest group on the continent
(e.g., by the late 1970s, the Canadian Aboriginal infant mortality rate was
double that of the general population, with life expectancy at 36 years compared
with 62 years among Canadians generally.)175
Furthermore, alarming evidence suggests that in many Aboriginal communities
there is a continuing escalation in degenerative diseases and social malaise.
Both paleopathological and historical data convincingly indicate that when living
a way of life closely predicated upon natural law, and free of adventitious
medical interventions, North American Aboriginals were distinguished as being
one of the healthiest of world peoples.176
A more recent, albeit equally instructive picture can be fund among the Maori
(Polynesian) people, who likewise have been especially earmarked by their national
government (New Zealand) to receive the benefits of selective medical intervention.
A study covering the period of 1968 to 1971 found that when compared with their
racial counterparts who live in the remote island nations of the Pacific, the
New Zealand Maoris appeared more inclined to suffer from infectious disease,
rheumatic fever, and tuberculosis. They also seemed considerably more prone
to develop degenerative conditions such as heart disease and diabetes, afflictions
which were then virtually foreign to the remote island peoples. (In fact, among
Maori women in the age grouping of 35 to 55, coronary heart disease was four
to five times as frequent as among women of the same age group living on the
atolls of the central Pacific.)177
In the final analysis, disquieting evidence--much of which is not cited in this
research--suggests the overall irrelevance of selective Western medicine to
effecting longevity and ensuring general freedom from a range of infectious
and degenerative diseases. Furthermore, as a system, it continues to significantly
contribute to human morbidity and mortality"178
(e.g., it has been shown in the USA, Holland, Israel and other developed nations
that when physicians engage in a complete strike, within a week to 10 days death
rates actually plummet, in some cases by as much as 60 percent).
It would be appropriate here to quote Illich's unambiguous observation that
"Society can have no quantitative standards by which to add up the negative
value of illusion, social control, prolonged suffering, loneliness, genetic
deterioration and frustration produced by medical treatment."179
In reference to selective medicine's central focus on absolving mankind from
giving due respect to the natural laws of cause and effect, Mahatma Gandhi shares
the following perspective.
I was at one time a great lover of the medical profession. . . . I no longer hold that opinion. . . . Doctors have almost unhinged us. . . . I regard the present system as black magic. . . . Hospitals are institutions for propagating sin. Men take less care of their bodies and immorality increases. . . . ignoring the soul, the profession puts men at its mercy and contributes to the diminution of human dignity and self control. . . . I have endeavoured to show that there is no real service of humanity in the profession, and that it is injurious to mankind. . . . I believe that a multiplicity of hospitals is not test of civilization. It is rather a symptom of decay.180
Evidence suggests that Western medicine's over
specialization and singular focus on pathology has literally obfuscated its
perception and undermined its faith in the preventive and restorative power
of the normal requisites of health. To a great extent it thus remains as an
inexact and ever shifting system of trial and error, apparently more interested
in maintaining its monopolistic pecuniary interests and professionalist pride,
than in opening itself to new avenues of thinking and practice.
With all seriousness then we must raise the question as to whether we can realistically
expect the self-same medico-industrial system that has for so long offered humankind
little more than palliative and pathological inducing vaccines and drugs, to
offer us anything better. (To obtain additional background on the practical
impacts which the medico-industrial system of the West is having on the Developing
World, please refer to Annex I--Problems With Developing World Medicalization
and the Traditional Medicine Alternative.) It is here that we turn to consider
the larger issue of what constitutes safer, more effective and sustainable approaches
to ensuring the development and maintenance of human health.
SECTION
II
TOWARDS MORE APPROPRIATE PRIORITIES IN DEVELOPING WORLD PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
We should ascertain whether natural resistance to infections could be conferred on man by definite conditions of life. Injections of a specific vaccine or serum for each disease, repeated medical examinations of the whole population, construction of gigantic hospitals, are expensive and not very effective means of preventing diseases and of developing a nation's health.
Alexis Carrel in Man the Unknown, p.207
THE REAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
IN a recent article in the WHO publication World Health, Khan
et. al suggest that normatively health services in the Developing World continue
to be either substandard, inaccessible, unaffordable and under-utilized, or
to "suffer from a combination of these factors." The authors go on
to comment that while the governments of many nations "have spent millions
on building physical infrastructures at district levels, the over-all health
status, especially of the urban and rural poor remains deplorable."181
This and a number of like articles on Primary Health Care and UCI, suggest that
the prime weaknesses now requiring rectification relate to inadequate local
involvement in and the non-sustainability of medical services. Without any intent
to lessen the critical importance of local participation and sustainability
in development, I would put forward the view that each of the specific problems
and weaknesses as identified, including the larger issue of overall ineffectiveness,
stem from the very principles and nature of conventional selective medicine
itself Primarily the medicine (both vaccines and drugs representing the arsenal
of what is postulated as a "war on disease") and secondarily the established
system whereby it is "delivered," is what is ineffective. In place
of the popular drumbeating for local communities to further embrace and sustain
this system, there are far more urgent and fundamental health priorities that
must be addressed.
In a chapter on "Health and the Human Environment" found on the classic
work Health, Food and Nutrition in Third World Development, M. Sharpston
provides critical insights on how multiple social and environmental factors
ultimately serve as the real determinants of survival, or alternatively death.
In his words ". . . there is a limit to what conventional health services
can achieve in an unchanged physical and social environment." He then refers
to the experience of a medical school affiliated hospital in Cali, Columbia
which had a special program for premature infants. During their period of critical
care, survival rates remained comparable to those found in North American critical
care settings, however within three months of being discharged, 70 percent of
the infants had died. With reference to those regions within the Developing
World where notable health improvements have occurred he suggests that:
The most likely factors leading to health improvements . . . are a rise in the levels of nutrition and the slow spread of modern ideas of personal hygiene. Across the Developing World, per capita incomes are rising, and transport systems are improving,, the result is more food, better quality food, fewer localized food shortages, and a more varied diet. In other words, the principal factor behind the improvement in health . . . in Developing countries is probably not any form of health measure, but economic development itself. . . . Mere exposure to a disease agent need not produce clinical disease and very frequently does not do so. Malnutrition is of such significance essentially because it hampers the body's resistance. Malnutrition acts "synergistically" with disease agents to increase the incidence of clinical disease and aggravate its severity."182
In a very recent article focusing on the major influences on health in the Developing World, Thomas McKeown, past Chairman of the World Health Organization (WHO) Advisory Group on Research Strategy also articulates a view that clearly takes the issue of human health out delimiting bounds of selective medicine. His incisive conclusion follows:
. . . evidence is now available from a number of Third World countries that have advanced rapidly in health: China, Costa Rica, Cuba, India (Kerala State), Jamaica, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and a few others.. . . The improvement in health was almost entirely due to a reduction from infectious disease. To assess priorities in health policies in the Third World the chief requirement is therefore to come to a conclusion about the reasons for the decline of the infections.
. . . All the countries that advanced rapidly achieved a substantial improvement in nutrition, which led to increased resistance. Indeed in some countries this was the only important direct influence. It is perhaps surprising that immunization appears to have contributed relatively little to the advances . . . the reduction in mortality occurred during a period when vaccine coverage was still low.
To anyone who has traveled extensively in the rural areas of the Third World, the common causes of ill health may seem self-evident. Many children are visibly malnourished, sanitary conditions are primitive, drinking water is unclean, the food . . . is contaminated, and the number of people competing for the means of life is clearly excessive. Our conclusions concerning the determinants of health can be epitomized by the simple statement that people must have enough to eat and must not be poisoned.183
In a World Health article highly germane
to the "determinants" as raised by McKeown, Finland's H. Hellberg
(a former Division Director at the WHO) postulates that the success of any genuine
effort to alleviate disease in the Developing World must incorporate "intersectoral
and multisectoral action." In his words "involvement of specialists
other than the traditional healing professions; water, food, housing, sanitation
and education are all important prerequisites for health. If they are neglected
curative repair . . . may even be impossible."184
To conclude these critical observations on Developing World health development
priorities, it would prove instructive to consider the similar conclusions reached
by K.L. Standard (Professor and Head of the Department of Social and Preventive
Medicine, University of the West Indies).
. . . . mere survival is not enough. With no improvement in their standard of living and nutrition, they (children) frequently succumb to infection, with repeated relapses . . . . It will be extremely difficult to make further reductions in mortality rates in developing countries without significantly raising standards of living, including nutrition. Among the general measures of primary prevention that may be considered, an increase of food production is of paramount importance. Environmental sanitation deserves high priority, and health education of the public is a key activity at both national and community levels. . . . The final and permanent answer to the problem will rest in. social and economic development . . . taking into account the need for nutritional improvement of the present generation.
For obvious reasons, the highest priority must be given to preventive measures. If good nutritional status is maintained in the first years of life, successive attacks of most infectious diseases of moderate virulence will probably produce no more than mild effects.. . . Optimal maternal diet during pregnancy, prolonged breastfeeding, progressive weaning with appropriate foods, and education of mothers on infant-feeding practices are the basis of good nutritional status in children.185
ECLIPSING
THE SPIRIT OF ALMA ATA
It would be instructive at this point to go back to relatively recent history
to see how this vitally sound and rational perspective was officially recognized
at an international level, but then practically scuttled in favour of the annamentarium
of Universal Childhood Immunization.
On the opening page of the recently completed Evaluation Assessment of the Canadian
International Development Agency's (CIDA) Health Sector the observation is made
that by the mid-seventies, "after more than 30 years of international health
assistance, it had become apparent that curative strategies that directly addressed
disease causing agents had failed . . . recipient countries . . . [in meeting]
their long term health needs."186
It was a recognition of this reality that presumably led Canada and other industrialized
nations to the signing of the historic Alma Ata Declaration in 1978. The basic
principles of Primary Health Care as embodied in this Declaration follow:
1 . Equitable Distribution--
addressing the root causes of ill health, and ensuring health resources
are equitably distributed among all groups and across geographic regions |
By 1980 CIDA published a public affairs statement on CIDA's Involvement in Health thereby reaffirming that in its support of Bilateral Primary Health Care initiatives in the Developing World, the Agency would place central priority on: the training of health auxiliaries; health and nutrition; essential education; adequate food production; potable water supply; family planning; and provision of simple equipment and supplies.188
. . . In spite of the lessons of history and of past experiences, major and international donor agencies are diverting scarce resources into a short term approach known as "selective primary health care. . . " This approach is in total contradiction with the fundamental principles underlying Primary Health Care. These principles are:
- The main roots of poor health lie in living conditions and the environment in general, and more specifically in poverty, (and) inequity . . . of resources in relation to needs
- Since health is . . . of people, it is self defeating not to consider them as partners who are able to play a great part in the protection and improvement of their own health
- Health services must provide . . . promotive and rehabilitative measures. This has to be done in a coordinated and integrated way which responds to the peoples needs.
This manifesto is issued because the proliferation of selective health intervention programmes undermines . . . Primary Health Care. It is issued also because these interventions purport to offer "quick solutions" and "instant success" for which they divert scarce resources from the solution of the real underlying and continuing problems, thus helping to maintain ill health. In addition, experience has taught us that selective interventions tend to become permanent even though they are presented as "interim" responses only. . . . And above all, the selective approach rules out the possibility of people's participation in decision making about their own health.190
EMERGING--A
MORE PRACTICABLE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE MODEL
Table E which follows on the next two pages, was developed with the appreciated
assistance of medical sociologist L. Chetelat. It provides a clear picture of
the paradigmatic contrasts existing between the selective war on disease model
as exemplified in Westem selective medicine, and the emerging causal based approach
to health sustenance and restoration.
The causal model is strongly predicated on the principle that man's relationship
to the laws of nature (natural law) and life, must undergird any effective health
maintenance and or restoration strategy. Such an approach is recommended as
inherently more sensible, balanced, and cost effective for attaining and sustaining
public health, whether among Developed or Developing World populations. The
causal based model strongly emphasizes the importance of strengthening self-knowledge,
self-responsibility, and self-care and thus far more closely corresponds to
the challenge and direction mandated in the historic Alma Ata Declaration. It
also affords genuine respect for the integral principles which undergird the
practice of participatory development. As a final point its characteristic qualities
of local accessibility, manageability, affordability, and effectiveness herald
its great promise for humankind.
| WAR ON DISEASE APPROACH | HEALTH CAUSAL APPROACH |
| 1. Orientation & Philosophy | 1. Orientation & Philosophy |
| Disease is understood as an entity separate from and attacking the patient. | Recognition of acute disease as a systemic reparative process inseparable from the person. |
| The body and mind are separated, with distinct diseases and organs treated singly. | Recognizes the body and mind as being inseparably one, to be treated as a unity. |
| The focus on labeling, isolating, and destroying "disease," i.e., its entities, and symptoms. | The focus on strengthening the protective and regenerative health energies, and resources of the person. |
| 2. Causality | 2. Causality |
| The focus of causality is external to the patient--viruses, bacteria, poisons, and in more recent time stresses in the environment. | The focus of causality is both internal to the person as it relates to primary lifestyle practices, deficiencies, negative emotions, etc.; and external as it relates to debilitative factors in the natural and social environments. |
| 3. Prevention & Cure | 3. Prevention & Cure |
| Artificially separates preventative and curative measures. | Recognizes that health sustenance and restoration depend on the selfsame measures. |
| The emphasis is on removing or palliating symptoms. It aims at achieving quick results. | The emphasis is on removing causes through lifestyle, psycho-spiritual, and other sustainable changes to debilitative bio-nutritional, environmental, social, and political conditions. |
| Relies on highly sophisticated technological and costly measures that are not amenable to self and include: family based care, i.e., manufactured vaccines, organ transplants, drugs, etc. These measures are noted for bearing harmful side effects (latrogenesis). | Relies on health building and restorative measures that are harmless, non-invasive, efficacious,and uncostly. These include adequate and quality nutrition, potable water, local (non-toxic) plant medicines, enhanced natural environment, and other apropos regenerative measures. |
| 4. Care Providers | 4. Care Providers |
| The emphasis is on exclusive management and control of health and disease by medical professionals who know all, while patients blindly follow the "doctor's orders." | Emphasis is placed on the informed and responsible involvement of people in understanding and managing their own health needs. |
| Relies solely on the expertise of highly trained medical professionals, holding occult knowledge, and unfathomable wisdom. | Builds upon the distinctive knowledge and inherent capacities of individuals, families and communities. "Local healers" are prepared to provide basic care, coupled with training in wellness principles and family self care. |
| 5. Cost | 5. Cost |
| Cost is escalating to the point of being an unmanageable and unsustainable burden on society. | Cost is de-escalating, to the point of being negligible. |
| 6. Research | 6. Research |
| Research focuses on tracking, isolating and destroying "disease" and its associated entities. | Research focuses on better understanding and appropriating the fundamental requisites of life and health. |
| The absence of disease is considered the result of techno-medical interventions. | The absence of disease is recognized as the consequences of compliance with the natural laws of creation. |
| 7. Health Care Outcomes | 7. Health Care Outcomes |
| Produces a system of disease care and disease scare. People learn to fear, distrust and disrespect the natural world, and their own bodies. | Produces a system of health care based upon people developing a practical knowledge of, trust in and respect for the natural world, and for their own bodies. |
| People become unduly dependent on medical institutions and authorities. This in turn diminishes self-respect and moral responsibility, while coping strategies are diminished leading to resignation, helplessness and hopelessness. | People develop and carry out coping strategies, which in turn will inevitably lead to better health, along with longer and fuller life. |
SECTION
III
A CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES TO
ENSURING NATURAL IMMUNITY
THE
SOIL AS CHIEF DETERMINANT OF HEALTH AND THE FOUNDATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY
In recognition of the indubitable axiom that all forms of life derive their
basic sustenance from the earth itself, it remains equally evident that any
policy to ensure public health must first and foremost be predicated on ensuring
the quality and integrity of the soil. Prominent British horticulturist Sampson
Morgan offers the following incisive observation.
My long continued studies in the dust have convinced me that diseases in soils, plants and men arise from conditions, brought about by the introduction of poisons and by imperfect environment,- and experiments have satisfied me beyond doubt that this is the natural and correct explanation.191
Indeed there is a substantial basis for suggesting that it is of the highest importance that health and development ministries in both industrialized and Developing World nations should henceforth predicate their strategic health policies upon a practical recognition that the treatment and condition of the soil is by far the most critical determinant of health (whether in plants, animals, or human beings). In his seminal research on the underlying causes of the outstanding health and longevity among the population of Hunza--a society that until very recently has remained essentially free of medical intervention--G.T. Wrench aptly concluded:
The importance of the method of culture of food is primary, radical, and fundamental in the matter of health. It exceeds all other aspects of nutrition. . . Nature endows life with a powerful, eternal capacity to renew itself healthfully, given the right conditions. The genes know nothing of diseases.192
Shelton seconds this conclusion in his observation
that through the relatively simple measure of building up our soils, crops can
be freed of fungal infections. In his view fungi, which live at the expense
of living plants, "are incapable of successfully attacking one that is
completely healthy. . . . In plant, as in animals, the nutritional status largely
determine the . . . soundness . . . of tissue developments.193
INSIGHTFUL EXPERIMENTS
The historically significant experiments of Sir Albert Howard, British Imperial
Economic Botanist, based in India in the first quarter of this century, confirm
the correctness of this view. Through natural soil feeding and regeneration
methods, the plants and crops under his management demonstrated continuous improvements
to the point of being impervious to all forms of disease as well as insect pests.
Speaking of his organic gardens and orchards at Indore, he stated that during
seven years of observation "I cannot recall a single case of insect or
fungus attack." Indeed it was his studied opinion that:
. . . plant diseases . . . only attack unsuitable varieties or crops improperly grown. Their true role in agriculture is that of censors for pointing out the crops which are imperfectly nourished. Disease resistance seems to be the natural reward of healthy and well-nourished protoplasm. The policy of protecting crops from pests by means of sprays, powders and so forth is thoroughly unscientific and radically unsound; even when successful, this procedure merely preserves material hardly worth saving. The annihilation or avoidance of a pest . . . are mere evasions.
However, Sir Howard's most vital findings pertained to the animals feeding on his crops who in turn developed total freedom from disease and deformities.
For twenty-one years I was able to study the reaction of the well-fed animals to epidemic diseases such as rinderpest, hoof-and-mouth disease, septicaemia, and so forth, which frequently devastated the countryside. None of my animals were segregated, none were inoculated; they frequently came in contact with diseased stock. No case of infectious disease occurred.194
This calls to mind a personal interview I conducted
with A. Kalokerinos, Chief Medical
Officer at the Aboriginal Health Clinic in Redfern (Sydney), Australia. He related
an experience wherein cattle feeding on grass grown on re-mineralized soil,
were grazing literally nose to nose--at the fence line--with another herd infected
with hoof and mouth disease. Without the
benefit of any specific protective measures including vaccines, the uninfected
herd manifested total immunity.
In returning to the subject of insect pests, we find that there is clear evidence
that insects have an innate ability to detect mineral defeciencies and imbalances--even
at a subtle level--in plants, and selectively devour only those which are deficient
or imbalanced. According to horticulturist S. Mueller "Satellite photographs
of Africa have shown how gigantic flights of locusts will cover thousands of
miles ignoring healthy vegetation, then descending and destroying fields where
the soil is wom out.195
This and the earlier observations made on the relationship of microbes to human
disease, parallels the view that pathogenic microorganisms act as nature's censors,
proliferating only when the host's psychophysiology has been imbalanced and
weakened by factors such as stress, malnutrition, endo and environmental toxins,
etc. Sir Howard's experiences with the building of natural immunity in plants
had been preceded by such great soil scientists as Julius Hensel in Germany,
and Sampson Morgan in England, whose findings were later replicated by Dr. Charles
Northern and Albert Savage in North America.
These scientists employed soil re-mineralization and regeneration techniques,
employing the use of ground stone dust or sea vegetation, and green (plant)
compost, and the periodic aeration of plant or tree roots through cultivation.
The results were indeed phenomenal. Marketed spinach grown on ordinary soil
contained from 600 to 1,600 parts per billion of iodine, whereas spinach grown
on re-mineralized soil contained as high as 640,000 parts per billion. Testing
revealed that various vegetables grown in Savage's "mineral garden"
possessed as much as 400% more iron and other minerals than crops grown by standard
methods.196
SOIL RE-MINERALIZATION--A
RETURN TO PRIMEVAL CONDITIONS
The necessity of soil re-mineralization is based on the premise that over the
millennia the earth's surface has undergone a progressive erosion of both its
major and trace minerals. As well, the widespread and serious de-mineralization
problem has been vastly exacerbated in this century by deforestation, massive
mono-culture cropping, and heavy agrochemical dependency. Today the only place
where the full range of vital minerals can be found is in the seabeds where
streams and rivers have carried them, or in the earth's rocks. Thus the utilization
of sea plants and rock dust became a central feature in strategic efforts to
achieve balanced soil re-mineralization.
The place of soil re-mineralization--as a fundamental health strategy--is corroborated
not only by experimenters in improving plant and animal wellness, but as well
in prehistoric fossil records. For instance, paleopathologist Roy L. Moodie
has found that "the early faunas were free of disease" and that "the
most ancient bacteria were harmless," i.e., non-pathogenic in nature. He
maintains that "There are no known cases or examples of infection, no tumors,
few traumatic lesions or injuries of any kind prior to Devonian" and that
"the earliest animals were free from disease.197
It is also worth noting in this regard that the earliest book of antiquity in
the Judeo-Christian record, Genesis, gives no account of any specific human
diseases, and as well makes no reference to conditions such as imbecility, blindness,
deaffiess, or other deformities.
SOIL DIETETICS AND DISEASE
In reviewing a modern text-book of domesticated crop diseases, one is as appalled
by their number and variety as one is by the list of human illnesses in a text-book
of medicine. The correlation is remarkable. We find in both a number of deficiency
diseases; excess diseases; parasitic diseases; virus diseases; diseases due
to insufficient or defective water, oxygen and sunlight; those associated with
excessive heat or cold; chemical induced diseases (i.e., spraying/drugging);
and last but not least multiple degenerative and deformity diseases. How did
the major share of these diseases come into being? By cause, or mere chance?
Wrench answers:
I take it that what has happened to man has happened no less to his domesticated plants. Science has effected a marvelous progress in variety and fragmentation, but at the same time it has torn plants from their traditional conditions upon which their health depends. . . . here is, no doubt, I think, that modern man has made plant life in his own image.198
Part of today's larger shift toward environmental
responsibility and sustainability, are the commendable efforts to reduce excessive
dependency on soil and plant chemicals in agricultural methods. However, the
growing impetus toward "organic" approaches to agriculture relies
heavily upon manure fertilizers. On this point Shelton comments that ".
. . it has long been known that heavy manuring of the soil results in the plants
grown thereon being subject to parasitic infestation because of their lack of
health.199
Morgan also contends that fertilizers derived from stable manure or of animal
origin (as well as chemicals), were significantly injurious to the health of
soil and plants. In fact, he maintains that their widespread use has served
to create conditions of disease and degeneration consecutively in soil, plant,
animal and human life. In his words:
I have proved that susceptibility to disease is greatest with large dressings of dung. It is the main cause of fungoid infections of plants . . . and bad eyesight, bad teeth, and kindred troubles in human beings. . . . As to [chemical] fertilizers, they often deplete the soil of its fertility and induce acidity. . . . 200
His experimental work in England in the early
part of this century, closely paralleled those of Sir Howard in India. The farms
surrounding his own--all employing conventional agribusiness methods--were struck
again and again over the years by multiple forms of disease and a variety of
pests. Morgan's vast fruit orchards, vegetable gardens and grain fields thrived,
totally immune' to these perennial problems.201
(For more background discussion on the need and potential for achieving an enhanced
agricultural system that is more conducive to ensuring natural immunity, in
plants, animals, and man please refer to Annex II--Agrochemical Agriculture--the
Need for a Saner Alternative.)
Another notable and much more recent horticultural experimenter who bears mentioning
is Australian David Phillips. In his outstanding book From Soil to Psyche,
he maintains that when plants are deprived of vital organic and mineral nutrients
and instead are stimulated to undergo enforced growth--as in the case of chemical
fertilization--such plants "react by a wild development of cellular structure
which is deficient in trace elements and amino acids." He goes on to affirm
that:
Such poorly constituted crops cannot avoid, and must inevitably attract, any prevalent form of disease. At our own organic farms, not one papaya tree was lost during the severe disease epidemic of 1973 which followed Eastern Australia's 1972 partial drought. Every newspaper reported the severe plant losses of up to 90 percent of plantations from "three strains of virus. . ."
It was no strange or mystical phenomenon that our farm, with its organically mulched plants, registered not even a decline in crop production while other farmers in the district were bemoaning their huge losses.202
KEY NUTRITIONAL MEASURES IN PREVENTING INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Until lately disease was regarded as a sin of commission by some unseen and subtle agency. The vitamins are teaching us to regard it . . . as a sin of omission on the part of civilized and hyper-civilized man. By our habit of riveting our attention on microbes and their toxins we have sadly neglected the side of the question which concerns itself with our own bodily defenses.
Prominent British Physician--Leonard Williams
Given the necessity for limiting the scope of
this document, and the wide ranging dimensions which the issue of alternatives
represent, it would be impracticable to attempt to highlight all the promising
directions for systematic applied research on strengthening natural immunity
that exist. However, given the singular recognition that is being accorded to
the role of nutrition as a lifestyle factor in both the prevention and treatment
of infectious and degenerative diseases, it clearly represents a primal area
for undertaking far more intensive applied research and experimentation.(The
scope of viral, toxin and bacterial associated conditions to be considered in
this section on nutrition and infection will not necessarily be delimited to
the UCI-EPI childhood diseases.)
It seems remarkable that some of the most significant experimental and clinical
based research literature that exists on the relationship between nutrition
and infectious disease were published in the first half of the twentieth century.
Much of this early and now largely forgotten applied research documented the
considerable preventive and therapeutic values of the newly discovered vitamins.
Given that the relationship between nutrition and health represents in itself
a vast and complex subject, for brevity's sake this discussion on nutritional
measures will necessarily be limited to an examination of the two vitamins which
both clinical research and practice have revealed as holding the most significant
role in the prevention and alleviation of various infectious diseases, i.e.,
Vitamins A and C.
VITAMIN A
Vitamin A is recognized as an essential nutrient for maintaining normal physiologic
functions, including cellular differentiation, membrane integrity, vision, immunologic
responses and growth. Literature dating back as far as the 1920's has noted
an association between Vitamin A deficiency and an increased incidence and severity
of infection,203
which led to the labeling of Vitamin A as the "anti-infective Vitamin"
by Clausen. 204
In more recent time, Vitamin A deficiency has received considerable attention
in international health circles. This has been largely due to various field
studies which have linked Vitamin A deficiency with an increased risk of childhood
morbidity and mortality.205, 206,
207
Of these,206
it was observed by the field researchers that preschool children with mild xerophthalmia
(night blindness and bitot's spots, a condition clearly attributable to Vitamin
A deficiency) were dying at a rate ranging from 4 to 12 times greater than that
of neighboring children with normal eyes and vision. (This represented an 18
month longitudinal study of 4,600 Javanese [Indonesian] preschool children from
six separate communities.)
In fact such relationships persisted even after stratifying for the presence
or absence of respiratory disease, protein energy malnutrition, and diarrhoea.
The researchers asked but did not answer why mildly Vitamin A-deficient children
died at such increased rates, "especially those who were [apparently] well
nourished and seemingly free of diarrhoea and respiratory disease," which
are considered the major causes of childhood mortality in developing countries.
The first major controlled field study to be published in an established medical
journal detailing an observed relationship between Vitamin A deficiency and
infectious disease, 207
reported on the results of a randomized, community trial of Vitamin A supplementation
in northern Sumatra (Indonesia). 450 villages were randomly assigned to either
participate in a Vitamin A supplementation scheme (229 villages), or serve for
one year as a control (221 villages). The study observed that among children
aged 1 to 6 years at baseline, the death rate in the 221 control villages--which
did not receive the vitamin nor any placebo--was 49% greater than in those villages
where supplementation was given. (Although the study was actually designed to
examine nutritional blindness, these unanticipated results were found when comparing
mortality rates between the treatment and the control villages.)
Despite such promising findings, the posture of the medical community has generally
been one of either questioning the "validity" of the research methodology
and findings, or of putting the brakes on initiating any actual policy and or
programming changes. To quote a 1990 statement of Kjolhede and Gadomski of Johns
Hopkins University in response to the various Sommer et al studies:
Because scientific evidence relating to Vitamin A is being generated by diverse sources, and because there is a paucity of data strictly relevant to childhood survival in developing countries, the implications of these and other findings have been dijficult to translate into specific policies and programmatic recommendations.208
According to secondary research carried out by Mamdani and Ross, and reported in their exhaustive article "Vitamin A supplementation and child survival: magic bullet or false hope?,"209 Vitamin A deficiency represents". . . a major nutritional problem among preschool children in many countries of Africa, Asia, as well as some areas of Central and and South America." In fact an estimated 250,000 young children will go blind each year due to a lack of Vitamin A in their diets, while another 250,000 will experience lesser degrees of permanent impairment of vision due to corneal damage; (According to West and Sommer, an estimated 700,000 preschool children will develop active corneal lesions; and 6,700,000 new children will manifest mild Vitamin A deficiency annually. As well--at any one time--an estimated 20 to 40 million are suffering from mild levels of Vitamin A deficiency.) 210 with up to 75 percent of the blinded children dying within a few months of the blinding episode. The literature indicates that the association between "severe Vitamin A deficiency and infant and child mortality has been established for some time." The authors go on to conclude that:
An association between Vitamin A deficiency and infectious diseases, in particular diarrhoea, respiratory infections and measles--which are among the most important causes of death during childhood in the Developing World--has significant policy implications. . . .
Overall, the balance of evidence suggests that Vitamin A deficiency does lead to an increased risk of infections such as measles, respiratory infections and diarrhoea, and hence to an increased risk of death. Conversely, the evidence suggests--but as yet does not prove conclusively--that Vitamin A supplementation, or other strategies' 211 (Other strategies include the fortification of selected commercial foods which are commonly consumed, and dietary modifications. The latter measure includes a "long term solution," i.e., the increased production of Vitamin A-rich foods through home, school, and community gardens, wherever climate and soil conditions permit. An example where the increased production and distribution of garden produce--coupled to basic nutrition education--worked well was the Applied Nutrition Program in Tamil Nadu, India. Mothers diagnosed as anaemic and VitaminA deficient were given access to this produce. Examination, after six months, revealed "considerable" improvements to their general nutritional status, along with the "disappearance of all the clinical signs of Vitamin A deficiency. 211) for improving Vitamin A status, would lead to a decrease in the incidence and/or the severity of these infections and of the substantial mortality associated with them. The magnitude of this potential effect remains unclear, however, though the evidence from the Indonesian studies implies that it may be substantial.212
It is encouraging that as of 1987 the following
nations have already adopted home gardening as a national priority: Barbados,
Chile, Colombia, Dominica, Honduras, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and SriLanka.213
VITAMIN C
In introducing the subject of Vitamin C, it would be fitting to share the following
observation made by the Australian microbiologist/physician team of Dettman
and Kalokerinos, who over many years
have conducted wide ranging research--both secondary and original--on the prophylactic
and therapeutic potential of Vitamin C.
If you were offered a substance that could assist with the endogenous production of interferon and PGE1, that activated enzyme systems, assisted with mineral uptake and collagen production, aided healing, prevented capillary fragility and stimulated renal function, was capable of curing both viral and bacterial infections, was a universal detoxifier effective against drugs and venomous bites and was currently being used more and more in the treatment of degenerative diseases, you would rightly scoff. More particularly if you were told that this substance was Vitamin C, yet all these claims and more have been documented and put to clinical trial.214
As we go on to examine what is indeed a vast
body of experimental and clinical data on Vitamin C, we find that there are
indeed substantive evidences for its efficacy as a low cost, perfectly safe,
and wide spectrum anti-viral, anti-toxic and anti-bacterial agent. Internationally
noted biochemist Irwin Stone has alone described and documented a wide range
of applied biomedical research and clinical experience employing 122 literature
citations--spanning a 40 year period showing its marked efficacy as a prophylactic
and therapeutic agent.215
In obtaining and reviewing a number of the original source documents cited by
Stone--relative to Vitamin C and the infectious diseases--it was both amazing
and perplexing that so little of this vital knowledge which was discovered earlier
in this century is being further researched and or utilized today.
I. Viral Infections
Within a relatively limited timeframe after the 1933 discovery of ascorbic acid
(Vitamin C) and its identification as an anti-scorbutic (scurvy) substance,
a diverse range of researchers found that ascorbic acid had significant potential
as a wide-spectrum antiviral agent. Throughout the 30's in rapid succession
Jungeblut showed that ascorbic acid would inactivate the virus found in poliomyelitis;
216
Holden and Molley, inactivation of the herpes virus;
217Lagenbusch and Enderling, inactivation
of the virus found in hoof and mouth disease;
218 and Amato, inactivation of the
rabies virus.219
It should be noted that Jungeblut observed that the "antiviral" effect
of Vitamin C is not due to the acid reaction of the ascorbic acid, since it
occurs also when the latter has been adjusted to a pH at which the virus remain
"unharmed."220
Jungeblut continued his experimental work at Columbia University with primates
in which he demonstrated that a scheduled administration of ascorbic acid both
enhanced resistance to poliomyelitis, and in cases of infection markedly reduced
the severity of the disease. His experiments also demonstrated a very marked
superiority in the level of effectiveness of natural source ascorbic acid, versus
the laboratory synthesized product. For example in one experimental series,
"the percentage of non-paralytic survivors following treatment with natural
Vitamin C was about six times as large as that of the untreated controls,"
whereas" in the animals treated with synthetic Vitamin C this percentage
was only twice that of the controls.221
(Despite such promising early findings, no serious or systematic efforts were
made by organized medicine during this historical time period to incorporate
the vitamin as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent.)
However, the later results achieved in the direct clinical practice of North
Carolina physician F. Klenner approached the extraordinary. He graphically describes--from
his own practice and other sources--the substantive efficacy of this vitamin
in preventing and/or reversing pathological and life threatening conditions
which literally extend over "the entire gamut of medical knowledge."
The following list details the range of conditions as described in this and
other journal articles by Klenner. Although viral related conditions are being
discussed in this section, a few bacterial diseases have been included in this
list and are italicized for identification (the list also includes some serious
toxic and degenerative conditions).
| infectious hepatitis | virus pneumonia |
| influenza | diphtheria |
| virus encephalitispoliomyelitis | pertusis (whooping caugh) |
| measles | chicken pox |
| parotitis (mumps) | tetanus (lockjaw) |
| mononucleosis | rheumatic fever |
| scarlat fever | botulism |
| heavy metal intoxication | poisonous insect, spider and snake bites |
| trichinosis* | bacillary dysentary |
| malignancies | post-operative deaths |
| childbirth labor (easing and shortening) | postpartum hemmorages (prevents) |
| cardiovascular diseases | peptic and duodenal ulcers |
| pancreatitis | severe burns (mostly external treatment) |
| radiation sickness | carbon mooxide poisoning |
| barbiturate poisoning222 | |
| *In Klenner's successful reversal of trichnosis, a combination of Vitamin C and para-aminobenzoic acid were used. |
He describes the role played by ascorbic acid in intercellular reactions and its neutralization and perceived control of virus production. Its enzymic action contributes to the breakdown of virus nucleic acid to adenosine deaminase which converts to inosine. The end result are purines which are "extensively catabilized." As well, when ascorbic acid joins the available virus protein, it results in a new macromolecule which acts as the "repressor factor." In fact it has been "demonstrated that when combined with the repressor, the operator gene, virus nuclcic acid, cannot react with any other substance and cannot induce activity in the structural gene, therefore inhibiting the multiplication of new virus bodies.223
The years of labor in animal experimentations; the cost in human effort and "grants, and the volumes written, make it difficult to understand how so many investigators could have failed in comprehending the one thing that would have given positive results [i.e., to the degree Klenner attained] a decade ago. This one thing was the size and frequency of its administration. 224
In the same article he goes on to describe:
Summarily, Klenner could well affirm that "we
have been able to assemble sufficient clinical evidence to prove unequivocally
that Vitamin C is the antibiotic of choice in the handling of all types of virus
diseases." As well he demonstrated--through trial and experimentation--that
where tissue levels of the vitamin are maintained, an environment that is extremely
unfavourable for virtually all forms of viral infection is created in the human
body.226
II. Bacterial Infections
Within five years of the discovery of Vitamin C, research studies were being
published in the medical literature on the clear association between scurvy
and the prescorbutic state (both evidencing Vitamin C deficiency) to a range
of infections (both bacterial and viral) in guinea pigs and humans.227
Beginning in this same time period other applied researchers discovered that
ascorbic acid has both bacteriostatic (inhibiting) and bactericidal (destroying)
properties. For example, researchers Gupta and Guha, demonstrated that 2 milligram
percent (2 mg% is equivalent to 2 parts of ascorbic acid to 100,000 parts of
bacterial suspension) inhibited staphylococcus aureus, and B. typhosus. The
same inhibitive effect was produced at 5 mg% for B. diphtheria, and streptococcus
hemolyticus.228
Whereas Sirsi reported that 10 mg% was sufficient to destroy virulent strains
of M. tuberculosis.229
Other researchers found that ascorbic acid was effective in completely neutralizing
and rendering harmless a wide variety of bacterial toxins. These included: diphtheria--Jungeblut
and Zwemer,230
tetanus Jungeblut; 231 staphylococcus--Kodama
and Kojima; 232
and dysentery--Takahashi. 233
In a revealing nutritional status survey conducted close to mid-century on the
aboriginal population in Northern Manitoba (Canada), it was found that the most
prevalent micro-nutrient deficiency was Vitamin C, i.e., on average less than
1/71 the recommended daily allowance. At the time, the death rate from tuberculosis
among this group stood at 1,400 per 100,000 in comparison to 27 per 100,000
in the white population. The researchers concluded ". . . it is probable
that the Indian's great susceptibility to many diseases, paramount amongst which
is tuberculosis, may be attributable . . . to their high degree of malnutrition
arising from lack of proper foods.234
Charpy reports on a clinical trial where 15 grams (15,000 milligrams) of ascorbic
acid were administered daily to a group of extremely advanced (terminal) Tuberculosis
patients. (Of the six to be tested one actually died before the trial could
begin). The five patients who were fortunate enough to receive this treatment,
all underwent a spectacular transformation in their general condition, and not
only left their beds, but within a six to eight month period had regained from
20 to 70 pounds in body weight. As an added point of interest, each patient
had cumulatively taken about 3 kilograms (3,000,000 milligrams) of ascorbic
acid during the test period with absolute safety and perfect tolerance.235
Hochwald employed injections of 1/2 gram of ascorbic acid every one-and-a-half
hours (6 grams in a 12 hour period) in croupous pneumonia until the fever and
local symptoms subsided. The speed with which this treatment worked was so rapid
that it was actually possible within the first day to practically eliminate
all local symptoms of infection including the fever, and to attain a normalization
of blood counts.236
Two articles in the Canadian Medical Association Journal reported on
oral Vitamin C therapy i.e., 1/2 gram the first day, followed by an average
1/5gram each day thereafter--on 29 pertussis (whooping cough) patients. The
researchers concluded that "this treatment markedly decreases the intensity,
number and duration of the characteristic symptoms.237
In DeWit's clinical experimentation in the Netherlands 1/2 gram of ascorbic
acid was administered daily in the treatment of children with pertussis for
a period of one week, after which it was gradually reduced stepwise. Of the
90 children treated (who were divided into 3 comparable groups) the duration
of the illness was 15 days for those receiving the injections, 20 days for oral
recipients, and 34 days for the control group who did not receive the vitamin
in any form, but had alternately received the newly developed vaccine.238
Other clinical trials on the reversal of human bacterial infections by ascorbic
acid exist in the biomedical literature, e.g., in the treatment of leprosy,
typhoid fever and dysentery. In these various reports, without exception, the
level of success as reported correlates directly with the amount of dosage administered.239
III. Phagocytotic Activity
From an historical perspective, it is of interest that as early as 1943 Cotingham
and Mills demonstrated the necessity for the presence of ascorbic acid in maintaining
defensive phagocytotic activity.240
It appears that their important discovery remained largely unknown. However,
three decades later the rediscovery and public pronouncement of this same finding
by DeChatelet et al, did at least generate wide newspaper coverage, if not any
real impact on medical practice.241
IV. Conclusion
Not unlike earlier clinicians who employed Vitamin C prophylactically and therapeutically,
R. Catheart's extensive clinical experience led him to conclude that proportional
to the level of ascorbic acid depletion, there would follow human immune system
failure, consequently increasing the susceptibility and potential manifestation
of a wide range of disorders including various acute, secondary, and chronic
infections (viral and bacterial), allergic reactions, inflammatory and collagen
diseases, as well as an impaired ability to heal.242
It was the Noble Prize Laureate Linus Pauling who made the observation that:
I have been astonished . . . that in the last quarter of the twentieth century a single substance would be recognized to be helpful no matter what disease a person is suffering from. . . . Vitamin C is such a substance . . . by its involvement in many biochemical reactions in the human body it makes the body's natural defenses more powerful, and it is these natural defenses that provide most of our resistance to disease.243
In considering the practical implications and strategic importance of the knowledge of Vitamin C relative to the issue of child survival in the Developing World, it would be worthwhile to conclude this discussion of Vitamin C with the following summarization of Canadian Physician W. McConnick.
From increasing evidence of the anti-toxic and anti-infectious action of Vitamin C, and from personal clinical experience in the prophylactic and therapeutic application of this vitamin, the author is firmly convinced that the major factor in bringing about . . . [the major decline in] infectious disease incidence has been the steady and phenomenal increase in the consumption of Vitamin C-rich fruits . . . during the period in question.
In many cases of deficiency, where the dietary intake indicates a subnormal intake of Vitamin C over a lengthy period, the correlated clinical history shows repeated occurrence of infectious processes. . . . The author has made intensive application of Vitamin C therapy, orally and parenterally, in many . . . infectious diseases . . . with results in every case even more rapid and favorable than could be expected from the use of the modern antibiotics, and with the added advantage of complete exemption from toxic or allergic reactions. 244
A New and Better Strategy
From the foregoing evidence it is clear that a markedly greater emphasis on
the development of home, school, and community horticultural and gardening crop
production of Vitamin A and C rich foods designed to increase local consumption--coupled
to appropriate cormnunity nutrition education campaigns, could in and of itself
make significant inroads in reversing the phenomena of infectious disease in
today's Developing World.
GENERAL CONCLUSION
ON APPROPRIATE ALTERNATIVES
To summarize and conclude the vital issue of what constitutes a more appropriate
policy alternative in the effective prevention of human disease--whether infectious
or degenerative--we must return to what are the original and thus fundamentally
legitimate sources of health immune system success. There is indeed an abundance
of evidence confirming the fact that multiple lifestyle factors are not only
effective in preventing and reversing degenerative diseases, but the full range
of infectious diseases as well. Having already reviewed two key nutrient factors
in relation to the prevention and cure of infections, what follows is a concise
cross-sampling of research demonstrating the role of other lifestyle and nutrition
factors in strengthening natural immunity.
* It increases the number of lymphocytes, antibodies (mostly gamma globulins), and lymphocyte produced interferon. As well, the effectiveness of neutrophils in engulfing bacteria can be at least doubled; 252
* A 12 year study of male college students revealed that only 10 minutes of irradiation with ultra violet light, up to 3 times weekly during the winter months, reduced colds by up to 40.3 percent; 253 under similar treatment during Winter, there was observed a greatly increased resistance to a range of infectious diseases in Russian children.254
* Truly dramatic results have been and can be achieved in treating a broad range of both viral and bacterial associated diseases.255
* The current medical concept pictures a sun that is destructive to human health, i.e., responsible for accelerating the aging of the skin, and the prime causative factor behind the now endemic onset of skin cancers. However, extensively documented research on the health effects of both sunlight and nutrition by Kime clearly point to the fact that "the highly refined western diet plays the leading role, both in the aging process and in the development of skin cancer.256
Table G on the following page provides a fully rational explication of the dynamic processes and factors determining health (natural immunity) and disease. In reviewing this table, we may safely conclude that our individual and collective states of "health" and "disease" depends essentially upon our understanding of and respect for nature. Indeed we must come to the ultimate realization that it is in the very best interest of humankind to seek and to obey the voice of nature, with the assurance that the consequences of this commitment will be sound and lasting health of both body and mind.
Table
G -- Psycho-Physiological Integrity-The Health and Disease Continuum
Life healing--i.e., vital systemic cleansing, balancing, reparative and renewal
processes--with varied infectious disease symptoms being severe and acute manifestations
are continuously at work, at all stages from the highest level of functioning
and on downward to the point of death. The efficacy of these healing processes
depend solely upon the appropriate and moderate provision of the following primal
and lawful requisites of human life.
Psycho-Bio-Physical lntegrity
depends upon the foregoing requisites, coupled with: sound heredity; non-abuse
of the central nervous system; and general freedom from adverse influences,
e.g., chemicals, drugs, radiation, foreign antigens, trauma and physical injuries.
Whether through inheritance [i.e., pre-dispositional weaknesses] or in one's
own life, DENIAL OF THESE BASIC LIFE REQUISITES, OR THE INTRUSION
OF THESE ADVERSE INFLUENCES, CONSTITUTES THE PRIMARY AND SUSTAINING CAUSES
UNDERLING THE MULTIPLE SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHO-BIO-PHYSICAL DEGENERATION (PHYSICAL
AND MENTAL DISEASE). The distinction between "prevention"
and "cure" is an artificially contrived notion and does not exist
in nature, viz. the self-same primal, i.e., original causes by which systemic
(psychophysiological) health is maintained, also serve as the only sound measures
by which lost health can be restored.
Compliance with primary psycho-physiological laws ensures an increase
and strengthening of inherent vital force and immunity leading to High Level
Healtlh.
Death > Degeneration > Impairment >
Low >
Medium
>
High
health
Non-Compliance with primary psycho-physiological laws ensures a weakening
of inherent vital force and immunity, leading to Degeneratlon and Death
Death
<
Degeneration <
Impairment < Low < Medium < High Health
CONCLUSION
Belief in artificially induced immunization is actually predicated on an assumed
technological ability to annul the natural bio-system laws of cause and effect.
It is in essence an imaginative belief that we can improve upon nature's original
design and purpose through deceitfully manipulating her to our own heedless
benefit. It would be fitting at this point to quote from Kime:
We may believe that we are responsible to nothing but our own pleasure, that we may freely violate and disregard natural law and then artificially manipulate the deleterious consequences. We may believe that we can eat poorly, sleep rarely, work constantly, exercise sparingly, and avoid any physical consequences by some wonder drug. . . It requires no discipline and no sacrifice. . . .
[However] For all our advances in science, we still remain humbly, pitifully dependent upon the forces of nature: air, water, food, and sunlight. It seems in fact, the more advanced our technology becomes, the more capable we are of destroying ourselves . . . by more insidious inroads into our health.261
Finally, it is indeed incontrovertible that
the only sure answer to the frightening dilemma that indiscriminately employed
artificial universal childhood immunization now poses, is a counter-public health
policy which supports a studied and respectful return to the original and immutable
laws of life and health, thus encouraging people of all nations to return to
the grand design as embodied in the creation by an all wise Creator.
REFERENCES
***Note: Some may understandably raise the concern that a number of the references
cited are not directly related to Development and the Developing World, and
secondly are not uniformly recent. In response to this point, it remains obvious
that the conventions of Western Selective Medicine are inherently predicated
on a Western perspective of health and disease. Consequently it seems only consistent
and apropos that Western based applied research and experience can and should
be brought to bear in any serious effort to constructively examine these areas.
On the issue of the how recent the data is, it is one of the foibles of Westernized
thinking (particularly in the medical field) that unless an observation or a
practice is very recent, it should be held suspect as being obsolete and due
for relegation to the trash can. 'Ibis view is correct only insofar as erroneous
concepts undergird a system, and faulty theories and ever changing practices
have no better foundation than unanchored and footloose empiricism. More precise
sciences such as astronomy, and physics continue to heavily utilize and build
upon older research sources and practices, some even going back over many centuries.
The reason this is so, is because insofar as the principle ---> practice
----> observation continuum is correct and valid, the data remains unchanging
and unaffected by the vagaries of both time and circumstances.
1 World Health Organization, Publication No. 6, Rev.
1, Geneva, Switzerland, June, 1983.
2 Etherington, A., & Associates, Assessment of the CIDA
Health Sector--Profile of Health Project Disbursements 1984-1988, prepared
for CIDA Policy Branch, Evaluation Division; and Health Section, Professional
Services Branch, Hull, Canada, February, 1989, Executive Summary, p. iv.
3 Hawes, F. et at, Canada's International Immunization
Programme--Operational Review 1986-1991, Final Report, Intercultural International,
prepared for: ICDS; and CIDA, Ottawa, Canada, November, 1989, Summary P. 1,
and Main Report p. 37
4 Etherington, A., Assessment of the CIDA Health
Sector Integrated Paper, prepared for: CIDA Policy Branch, Evaluation Division;
and Health Sector, Professional Services Branch, Hull, Canada, February, 1989,
p. 16.
5 Ibid, Executive Sunnnary, p. v.
6 Bloom, B.R., "Vaccines for the Third World,"
World Health, World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland, June-July-August,
1990, p. 14.
See also:
Nature, Vol. 342, November, 1989.
7 lbid, p. 13.
8 Grant, J., "Simple, Available and Effective Interventions,"
A Shift in the Wind, Vol. 18, UNICEF, May, 1984,p. 7.
9 The LJN Department of Public Information and the United
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Forum, Vol. XVI, No. 1, January-February, 1988, Cover Page Story.
10 Etherington, A., Assessment of the CIDA Health
Sector--Integrated Paper, p. 3.
11 Fulginiti, V.A., "Immunization: Current
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p.487.
12 UNICEF Thailand, "Progress Report on the Utilization
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Bangkok, Thailand, March 21, 1988.
13 Mathurosapas, R., Factors Associated with
High and Low EPI Coverage in Thailand, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol
University, Thailand, 1986.
14 World Health Organization, Expanded Programme
of Immunization Immunization Policy, WHO-EPI-General, Rev. 1, Geneva, Switzerland,
July, 1986.
15 Dick, G., Practical Immunization, MTP Press
Ltd., (a member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group), Falcon House, Lancaster,
England, 1986, pp. 2-5.
16 lbid, pp. 29-77.
17 Chetelat, L.J., A Synthesis of Key Issues for
Evaluation in Primary Health Care, Food and Nutrition and Expanded Programs
of Immunization, prepared for Canadian International Development Agency,
Policy Branch, Evaluation Division, Hull, Canada, January, 1990, pp. 139 142.
18 Dick, G., Immununization, Update Books,
London, England, 1978
See also:
- Dick, G., Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Vol. 167, 1974, pp. 371-374
- Hill, L., "Primary Immunization Deficiency in Children," Thorax 25, 1970, p. 254
- Bousfield, G. "Reactions to Immunization," British Medical Journal, February 23, 1974, P. 327
- Dettman, G., "Aboriginal Infant Health and Mortality Rates," The Medical Journal of Australia, April 7, 1973, pp. 711 and 712
- Kalokerinos, A., Every Second Child, Thomas Nelson, Australia, 1981
- Vessal, S., and Kravis, L., "Imunologic Mechanisms Responsible for Adverse Reactions to Routine Immunizations in Children," Clinical Pediatrics, Vol. 15, No. 8, 1976, pp. 688-696
19 Kalokerinos,
A., and Dettman, G., "Viral Vaccines Vital or Vulnerable," The
Australasian Nurses Journal, August, 1980, p. 27
20 Guthrie, C., UNICEF Canada's "Field Trip
Monitoring Report on The Integrated Services Project for Children," observations
covering Nakhan Phenom and Mudaban provinces, January 16, 1989, p. 44
21 Noble, G.R., et at, "Acellular and Wbole-Cell
Pertussis Vaccines in Japan: Report of a Visit by US Scientists." Journal
of the American Medical Association, Vol. 257, 1987, pp. 1351-1356
22 Chetelat, L.J., A Synthesis of Key Issues for
Evaluation in Primary Health Care, p. 159. Also, Personal Communications
with the International Development Research Centre's Health Sciences Division,
September-October, 1989
23 Williamson, J.W., Assessing and Improving
Health Outcomes: The Health Accountinig Approach to Quality Assurance, Ballinger
Publishing Co., Cambridge, 1978, p. 5
24 Dick, G., Practical Immunization, p. 1
25 Cheraskin, E., et at, Diet and Disease--Medical
Proof of Their Life and Death Relationship, Keats Publishing Inc., New Canaan,
Connecticut, Health Science Edition pub., 1977, p. 369
See also:
- Chandra, R., "Nutrition as a Critical Determinant in Susceptibility to Infection," World Review--Nutr. Diet, Vol. 25, 1976
- Hook, R., and Hutcheson, D., "Impairment of the Primary Inunune Response in Early-Onset Protein-Calorie Malnutrition," Nutrition Reports International, Vol. 13, 1976
- Jose, D., et at, "Long Term Effects on Immune Function of Early Nutritional Deprivation," Nature, Vol. 241, 1973
- Moscatelli, P., et al, "Defective Immunocompetence in Fetal Undemutrition," Helvetica Paediatrica Acta, Vol. 31, 1976
- Newberne, P., and Gebhardt, B., "Pre- and Post-Natal Malnutrition and Responses to Infection," Nutrition Reports International, Vol. 7, 1973
- Puffer, R., and Serrano, C., "The Role of Nutritional Deficiency in Mortality Findings of the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality in Childhood," Pan American Health Orizanization, Vol. 7, 1973
- McGrath, W.R., Bio-Nutronics, A Signet Book, New American Library, Times Mirror, Bergenfield, New Jersey, 1972, P. 216
- Hoffer, A., and Walker, M., Orthomolecular Nutrition, Keats Publishing Inc., New Canaan, Conneticut, 1978, P. 209
- McDougall, J.A., A Challenging Second Opinion, New Century Publishers Inc., Piscataway, New Jersey, USA, 1985, p. 307, etc.
26-Edierington,
A., Vol. I--Program Evaluation of Canada's International Immunization Program,
Cowater International, for the Canadian International Development Agency, Ottawa,
March, 199 1, pp. 22 and 30
27 Banerji, D., "Hidden Menace in the Universal
Child Immunization Program," International Journal of Health Services,
Vol. 18, No. 2, Haywood Pub. Co. Inc., 1988, p. 294
28 Chetelat., L.J., A Synthesis of Key Issues for
Evaluation In Primarv Health Care, (based on the author's precis on Banedi's
"Hidden Menace" article), P. 157
29 Banerji, D., "Hidden Menace in the Universal
Child Immunization Program," p. 296
30 Rifken, S.B., and Walt, G., "Why Health
Improves: Defining The Issues Concerning 'Comprehensive Primary Health Care'
and 'Selective Primary Health Care,'" Social Science and Medicine,
Vol. 23, pp. 562 and 563.
31 Chetelat, L.J., A Synthesis of Key Issues for
Evaluation in PHC, P. 156
32 Stewart, G., British Medical Journal,
January 31, 1976, reprinted in The Australasian Nurses Journal by Dettman,
G., and Kalokerinos, A., in the article
"'Mumps' the word but you have yet another vaccine deficiency," June,
1981, p. 17
33 "Immunization Public Health Protector?,"
Issued under NIB National Office of Health Development, Ottawa, Canada, 1979,
pp. 1 and 2
34 Bumet, M., Auto Immunity and Auto Immunune Disease,
MTP, London, England, 1973, Chapter 3
35 James, W., Immunization--The Reality Behind
The Myth, Bergin & Garvey Publishers Inc., S. Hadley, Massachussetts,
1988, p. 64, refers to original source reference: Report No. 272, British Medical
Council, London, England, May, 1950
36 Allan, B., Australian Journal of Medical Technology,
Vol. 4, November, 1973, pp. 26 and 27]
see also:
- Dettman, G., and Kalokerinos, A., "Second Thoughts About Disease--A Controversy and Bechamp Revisited," Journal of the International Academy of Preventive Medicine, Vol. IV, No. 1, Houston, Texas, July, 1977 and reprinted by Committee of the Biological Research Institute, Warburton, Victoria, Australia, (p. 15 in this reprint edition)
37 Polk, B.F., et
al, "An Outbreak of Rubella (German Measles) among Hospital Personnel,"
The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 303, No. 10, September 4, 1980,
pp. 541-545
38 James, W., Immunization, p. 100
39 "Immunization Public Health Protector?,"
pp. 10 and 11
40 Shelton, H., "Basis of Resistance,"
the Hygienic Review, Vol. 38, No. 9, May, 1977, P. 196
See also:
- "Immunization Public Health Protector?," p. 1 1
41 James, W., Immunization,
p. 64
42 Novikoff, A., and Holtzman, E., Cells and Organelles,
Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., 1970
See also:
- Bradbury, S., The Optical Microscope, Edward Arnold Pub. Ltd., 1976
- Lacey, A., Editor, Light Microscopes in Biology, A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford University Press, 1989
43 Bird, C., "The
Rife Microscope," Technology Tomorrow, February, 1980, pp. 5-14
44 Seidel, R.E., and Winter, E., "The New
Microscopes," Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 237, No. 2,
February, 1944, pp. 103-130
See also:
- Lee, R., "The Rife Microscope or 'Facts and Their Fate,'" Lee Foundation for Nutritional Research, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA (commentary on the Seidel and Winter article, undated)
- "Local Man Bares Wonders of Germ Life," San Diego Union, November 3, 1929
- "Science's Latest Strides in War on Ills Disclosed, Development by San Diegan Hailed as Boon to Medical Research," Los Angeles Times, November 22, 1931
- "Here is Most Powerful Microscope," Los Angeles Times, November 27, 1931
- "What's New in Science--The Wonderwork of 193 I," Los Angeles Times Sunday -Magazine, December 27, 1931
- Jones, Newell, "Rife Bares Startling New Conceptions of Disease Germs," San Diego Tribune, May 11, 1938
- "Giant Microscope May Yield Secrets of Bacteria World," Los Angeles Times, June 26, 1940
- Lynes, B., and Crane, J., The Rife Report, The Cancer Cure That Worked--Fifiy Years of Supression, Marcus Books, Toronto, Canada, 1987
45 Carrel, A., Man
the Unknown, Harper Brothers, New York and London, 1935, p. 207
46 Dubos, R., "Second Thoughts on the Germ Theory,"
Scientific American, May, 1955, pp. 31-35
47 Dubos, R., Mirage of Health, Harper, New York,
NY, 1959, p. 73
48 Maxcy-Rosenaw Preventive Medicine and Public Health,
edited by Sartwell, P.E., 10th
Edition, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, USA, 1973, p. 117
49 Buttram, H.E., and Hoffman, J.C., Vaccinations
and Immune Malfunction, The Humanitarian Publishing Co., Quakertown, Penn.,
USA, 1985, p. 22
50 Duesberg, P.H., "Human Immunodeficiency Virus
and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Correlation but Not Causation,"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, Vol. 86, February,
1989, pp. 755-764; Interview [with Duesberg], "AIDS", Spectrum,
No. 38, September/October, 1994, Belmont, New Hampshire, USA, pp. 26-34
See also:
- Adams, J., AIDS, The HIV Myth, St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, 1989
- Fumento, M., The Myth of Heterosexual AIDS: How a Tragedy has been Distorted bv Media and Partisan Politics, Basic Books, New York, NY, 1990
- Duesberg, P., "AIDS Acquired By Drug Consuption and Other Non-Contagious Risk Factors," Pharmac. Ther. No. 55, United Kingdom, pp. 201-277, 1992 (This article contains 17 pages of reference citations.)
- DeMeo, J., "HIV is Not the Cause of AIDS: A Summary of Current Research Findings," Pulse of the Planet, No. 4, 1993, pp. 99-105
- Root-Bernstein, R., Rethinking AIDS: The Tragic Cost of Premature Consensus, Free Press, New York, NY, 1993
51 Sonnabend, J.A.,
"Fact and Speculaton About The Cause of AIDS," AIDS Forum,
Vol. 2, No. 1, New York, May, 1989, pp. 3-12
52 James, W., Immnunization, pp. 55-87
53 Ibid, (modified and adapted from--Table 1, "Two
Theories of Disease," P. 65)
54 McCormick, W.J., "Vitamin C in the Prophylaxis
and Therapy of Infectious Diseases," Archives of Pediatrics, Vol.
68, No. 1, January, 1951
See also:
- McCormick, "The Changing Incidence and Mortality of Infectious Disease in Relation to Changed Trends in Nutrition," The Medical Record, September, 1947, reprinted by the Lee Foundation for Nutritional Research, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
55 Table I--Data presented
at the British Association for the Advancement of Sciences (Presidential Address),
in The Dangers of Immunization, The Humanitarian Society, Quakertown
Penn., USA, 1979; source cited: Porter 1971
56 Table II--McKeown, T., The Role of Medicine--Dream,
Mirage, or Nemesis?, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1979, p. 103
57 Table III--lbid p. 105 and data from Waltzkin,
H., "...Analysis of the Health Care Systems of Advanced Capitalist Societies,"
in The Relevance of Social Science for Medicine, edited by Eisenberg, L., and
Kleinman, A., 1980; source cited: Kass, 1971
58 Table IV--Based on McKeown, T., The Role of
Medicine--Dream, Mirage, or Nemesis?, Princeton University Press, 1979,
p. 104
59 Table V--Based on Taylor, R., Medicine Out of
Control, Sun Books, Melbourne, 1979, Figure 1.1, p. 9 and text p. 8; source
cited; Australian Bureau of Census and Statistics, Demography Bulletins, Canberra,
Australia
60 Table VI--The Dangers of Immunization; source
cited: Dingle, J., Scientific American, 1973
61 Table VII--Based on Taylor, R., Medicine Out
of Control. Figure 1.2, p. 11; source cited: Crofton, J. and Douglas, A.,
"Epidemiology and Prevention of Pulmonary Tuberculosis," in Respiratory
Diseases, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1969; and data
from McKeown, T., The Role of Medicine, (Basil Blackwell edition) p.
92
62 Table VIII--Based on Hoole, F.W., Evaluation
Research and Development Activities. Sage Publications, Newberry Park, California,
Figure 2.3, p. 58
63 Table IX--Ekanem, E.E., "A 10 Year Review
of Morbidity from Childhood Preventable Diseases in Nigeria: How Successful
is the Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)?" Department of Community
Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria, published in Journal
of Tropical Pediatrics, Vol. 34, Oxford University Press, England, 1988,
Figure 1, p. 324
64 Table X--Ibid
65 Table XI--Based on Taylor, R., Medicine Out
of Control, Figure 1.3, p. 12; sources cited: Glover, J., "Incidence
of Rheumatic Diseases," Lancet, 1:499, 1930; and WHO, Geneva, "Annual
Epidemiological and Vital Statistics 1950-196 I," World Health Annual
Statistical Reports (causes of death) 1962-1975
66 Table XII--Based on Waltzkin, H., ". . .
Analysis of the Health Care Systems."
67 Table XIII--Epidemiology data for years 1978-1987
taken from UNICEF Evaluation Publication No. 6, Santo Domingo, Dominican
Republic, May 27, 1988; and data for years 1988 and 1989, obtained in personal
communication from the Pan American Health Organization, EPI Unit, August 21,
1990
68 Table XIV--Ibid
69 Table XV--Ibid
70 Table XVI--Ibid
71 Table XVII--Ibid
72 Table XVIII--Ibid
73 Mendelsohn, R., "The Medical Time
Bomb of Immununization Against Disease," East West Journal, November,
1984, p. 51
74 Mendelsohn, R., "The Truth About
Immunizations," The People's Doctor--A Medical Newsletter for Consumers,
Vol. 2, No. 4, Evanston, Illinois, p. 6
75 Morton, A.R., "The Diptheria Epidemic in Halifax," Canadian
Medical Association Journal, Vol. 45, 1941, p. 171
76 McCormick, W.J., "The Changing Incidence and Mortality of Infectious
Disease in Relation to Changed Trends in Nutrition," The Medical Record,
Toronto, Canada, September, 1947, Reprint No. 5a, Lee Foundation for Nutritional
Research, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, p. 4
77 Eller, C.H., and Frobisher, M. Jr., "An Outbreak of Diptheria in Baltimore
in 1944," American Journal of Hygiene, Vol. 42, 1945, P. 179
78 Dettman, G., and Kalokerinos,
A., "Second Thoughts About Disease," p. 16
79 Cournoyer, C., What About Immunization? A Parent's Guide to Informed Decision
Making, Private Research Publication, Canby, Oregon, USA, 4th
Edition, 1987, p. 5
80 Clymer, E.M., et al, The Dangers of Immunization, The Humanitarian
Society, Quakertown, Penn., USA, 1983 Edition, p 47
See also:
- Neustaedter, R., The Immunization Decision--A Guide for Parents, The Family Health Series, North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, California, 1990, pp. 50 and 51
81 James, W., Immunization, p. 31
82 Cournoyer, C., What About Immunizations?, p. 5
83 Ekanem, E.E., "A 10 Year Review of Morbidity from Childhood Preventable
Diseases in Nigeria," Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Vol. 34, December,
1988, p. 325
84 Dayton, L., "Measles Vaccination May Not Protect for Life," New
Scientist, Vol. 4, Vancouver, Canada, November, 1989, p. 6
85 Shasby, D.M., et al, "Epidemic Measles in a Highly Vaccinated Population,"
New England Journal of Medicine, 296: 1987, pp. 585-589
See also:
- Gustafson, T.L., et at, "Measles Outbreak in a Fully Immunized Secondary School Population," New England Journal of Medicine, 316: 1987, pp. 771-774
- Weiner, L.B., et al, "A Measles Outbreak Among Adolescents," Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Vol. 90, 1987, pp. 17-20
- Hull, H.F., et al, "Risk Factors for Measles Vaccine Failure Among Immunized Students," Pediatrics, Vol. 76, 1985, pp. 518-523
86 Mendelsohn,
R., "The Medical Time Bomb of Immunization Against Disease," p. 43
87 Markowitz, L.E., "Patterns of Transmission in Measles Outbreaks in the
United States," New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 320, 1989,
pp. 75-81
88 "Measles--Quebec" MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report),
Vol. 38 (a), 1989, pp. 329 and 330
89 Kalokerinos, A., and Dettman,
G., Viral Vaccines, Vital or Vulnerable, published by: The Conunittee
of the Biological Research Institute, Warburton, Victoria, Australia, p. 27.
(Note article of same title--but different content--is also referenced in the
August, 1980 issue of the Australasian Nurses Journal)
90 Kenya, P.R., "Measles and Mathematics: Control or Eradication,"
(Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi) East African Medical Journal,
Vol. 67, No. 12, December, 1990
91 Wixen, J.S., "Twentieth-Century Miraclemaker," Modem Maturity,
December, 1984-January, 1985, p. 92
92 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Connnerce, House
of Representatives," Eighty-Seventh Congress, Second Session on HR 10541,
May, 1962, pp. 94-112
See also:
- The American Journal of Public Health, Vol.45, Sup.1-63,1955
93 Section Panel on "Preventive Medicine
and Preventive Health" at the 120" Annual Meeting of the Illinois
State Medical Society, May 26, 1960--reported in the Illinois Medical Journal,
August and September issues, 1960
94 James, W., Inununization, p. 28
95 Ibid
96 Neustaedter, R., et al, Immunizations, Are They Necessary?, Hering
Family Health Clinic, Berkeley, California, 1981, p. 19
See also:
- Delarue, F., L'intoxication vaccinate, Editions de Seuil, Paris France, 1977, p. 57
97 US House of Representatives, Hearings
on HR 10541, p. 113. (Reported in the Toorak Times, Melbourne Australia,
October 5, 1986)
98 Mendelsohn, R., "The Medical Time
Bomb of Immunization Against Disease," p. 52
99 Sutter, R., et al, "Outbreak of Paralytic Poliomyelites in Oman. Evidence
for Widespread Transmission Among Fully Vaccinated Children," Lancet,
Vol. 338, September, 1991, pp. 715-720
See also:
- Patriarca, et al, "Randomised Trial of Alternative Formulations of Oral Poliovaccine in Brazil," Lancet, February, 1988, pp. 429-432
- Kim-Farley, R., et al, "Outbreak of Paralytic Poliomyelitis in Taiwan," Lancet No. 11, 1984, pp. 1322-1324
- Deniing, M., et al, "Epidemic Poliomyelitis in the Gambia Following Control of Poliomyelitis as an Endemic Disease: Part 11. The Clinical Efficacy of Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine," American Journal of Epidemiology, (in press)
100 Fulginiti, V., "Controversies in Current
Immunization Practices: One Physician's Viewpoint," 1976, in Morris, J.A.,
Statement Submitted to US Senate Committee on Labor and Human Relations.
Subcomniittee on Investigations and General Oversight, June 30, 1982. (Dr.
Morris served as Director of the Slow, Latent, and Temperant Virus Section of
the US Bureau of Biologics, Food and Drug Administration)
101 Stewart, G.T., British Medical Journal, January 31, 1976
See also:
- Stewart, G.T., "Vaccination Against Whooping Cough: Efficiency vs. Risks," Lancet, 1977, p. 234
102 Medical Tribune, January 10, 1979, p. 1
103 Ekanem E.E., "A 10 Year Review of Morbidity from Childhood Preventable
Diseases in Nigeria," Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Vol. 34, p.
325, December, 1988
104 Neustaedter, R.,The Immunization Decision, p. 32
105 Cournoyer, C., What About Immunizations? p. 12
106 lbid
107 Johnson, DM., "Fatal Tetanus After Prophylaxis with Human Tetanus,
Imnune Globulin," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol.
207, 1969, p. 1519
108 Cournoyer, C., What About Immunizations? p. 12
109 Epidemiology data for years 1978-1987 taken from UNICEF Evaluation
Publication No. 6, May 27, 1988; and data for years 1988 and 1989, obtained
from the Pan American Health Organization, EPI Unit, August 21, 1990
110 Buttram, H.E., and Hofftnan, J.C., "Bringing Vaccines Into Perspective,"
(reference to "vaccines, a therapy in question," Theropocia, June,
1981, p. 23) Mothering, Vol. 34, Winter Edition, 1985, p. 43
111 Creighton, C., "Vaccination," Ninth Edition of the Encyclopedia
Brittanica, pp. 29 and 30
112 Dettman, G., and Kalokerinos,
A., "Viral Vaccines Vital or Vulnerable," Australasian Nurses Journal,
August, 1980, p. 30
113 Ibid, p. 29
114 "Natural History of Smallpox," in the New Scientist, November,
1978, p. 30
115 Dettman, G., and Kalokerinos,
A., "Viral Vaccines," p. 29
116 Hoole, F.W., Evaluation Research and Development Activities, Sage
Publications, Newberry Park, California, Figure 2.3, p. 58
117 James, W., Immunization, p. 18
118 Dettman, G., and Kalokerinos,
A., "Viral Vaccines," ANJ article, p. 30
119 Belshe, R.B., Editor, Textbook of Human Virology, PSG Publishing
Co. Inc., Littleton, Massachusetts, USA
See also:
- Andrews, Sir Christopher, et at, Viruses of Vertebrates, Bailliere Tindall, London, UK, Fourth Edition, (Figure 33.5 Sharing Distribution of Human Monkeypox Cases, courtesy of I. Arita, Smallpox Eradication Unit), p. 944
120 Hawes, F., Canada's International Inununization
Programme: 1986-1991, full document
121 Chetelat, L.J., A Synthesis of Key Issues for Evaluation in Primary Care,
p. 142
122 Karzon, D.S., "Immunization on Public Trial," The New England
Journal of Medicine, Vol. 297, No. 5, August 4, 1977, pp. 275 and 276
123 UNICEF Canada, Annual Report on the Northeast Thailand Integrated Services
Project for Children, Toronto, March 31, 1990, P. 5
124 Reported in the Toronto Star, December 10, 1989, P. B5
125 Wilson, G.S., The Hazards of Immunization, The University of London,
Athlone Press, London, UK, 1967, pp. 4-6 and 282-289 (Still in print)
126 Mendelsohn, R., "The Truth About
Immunization," p. 7
127 "Immununization Public Health Protector?," p. 4
128 Neustaedter, R.,The Inununization Decision, pp. 72 and 73
129 "Links Between Contaminated Vaccines, Cancer and AIDS," Townsend
Letter for Doctors, May, 1989, p. 254, (review of Snead, E. documentary video,
"Is it AIDS? Or Leukemia or Immunization Related Syndrome")
130 Bloom B.R., "Vaccines for the Third World," p. 15
131 Mendelsohn, R., "Immunization Controversies
Continue," The Peoples Doctor--A Medical Newsletter for Consumers,
Vol. 2, No. 10, Evanston Illinois, USA
132 James, W., Immunization, pp. 10 and 72
See also:
- Cournoyer, C., What About Inmiunizations?, P. 3
133 Moskowitz, R., "Immunizations: The
Other Side," Mothering, Vol. 31, Spring Edition, 1984
134 James, W., Immunization, pp. 14 and 15
135 Fenical, G.M., "Neurological Complications of Immunization," Annals
of Neurology, No. 12, 1982, pp. 119- 128
See also:
- White, F., "Measles Vaccine Associated Encephalitis in Canada," Lancet, No. 2, 1983, pp. 683 and 684
- Zilber, N., et al, "Measles Vaccination and Risk of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSP)," Neurology, Vol. 33, 1983
- St. Geme, J.W., et al, Exaggerated Natural Measles Following Attenuated Virus Immunization, Pediatrics, Vol. 57, 1976, pp. 148-150
- Neustaedter, R., The Immunization Decision, pp. 55-58
- Mendelsohn, R., "The Medical Time Bomb of Immunization Against Disease," p. 49
136 Cody, C.L., et al, "Nature and Rates of Adverse Reactions Associated with DPT and DT Inununizations in Infants and Children," Pediatrics, Vol. 68, pp. 650-660
See also:
- Baraff, L.J., et al, "Possible Temporal Association Between Diptheria-Tetanus-Toxoid-Pertussis Vaccination and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome," Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, No. 2, 1983, pp. 7-11
- Jacobson, V., et at, "Relationship of Pertussis Immunization to the Onset of Epilepsy, Febrile Convulsions and Central Nervous System Infections: A Retrospective Epidemiologic Study,"Tokai Journal of Experimental Clinical Medicine, Vol. 13, Supplement, pp. 137 ,142, 1988. ("Records of 2,199 children with febrile seizures were reviewed and a significant association between the first febrile seizures and the scheduled age of pertussis immunization was noted," such association was not significant with epilepsy and CNS infections.)
- Hutcheson, R., "Follow-up on DPT Vaccination and Sudden Infant Deaths--Tennessee," MMWR, March 30, 1979
- Kalokerinos, K., and Dettman, G., "A Supportive Submission," The Dangers of Immunization, Biological Research Institute, Warburton, Victoria, Australia, 1979, p. 74
- Coulter, H.L., and Fisher, B.L., DPT: A Shot in the Dark, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich Publishers, San Diego, USA, 1985
- Thompson, L., "DPT Vaccine Roulette," 60 minute documentary produced for WRC-TV, Washington, DC, April, 1982
- Hyman, J., "Children at Risk: The DPT Dilemma," The Democrat & Chronicle, Rochester, N-Y, 1987
137 --Mendelsohn,
R., "Immunization Update," The People's Doctor--A medical Newsletter
for Consumers, Vol 10, No. 5, Evanston, Illinois, USA
138 Church, J.A., and Richards, W., "Recurrent Abscess Formation Following
DPT Inununizations: Association with Hypersensitivity to Tetanus Toxoid,"
Pediatrics, Vol. 75, 1985, pp. 899 and 900
See also:
- Mendelsohn, R., "More Anti-Vaccine Arguments," The Peoples Doctor--Medical Newsletter for Consumers, Vol. 8, No. 12, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Neustaedter, R., The Immunization Decision, p. 33
139---Mendelsohn, R., "The Medical Time Bomb of Immununization Against Disease," p. 52
See also:
- Neustaedter, R., The Immunization Decision, pp. 40 and 41
140 Sabath, L., et at, "Antigen Induced
Transient Hypersusceptibility: A Cause of Sporadic and Fulminant Infection in
Normals," Clinical Research, Vol. 35, No. 617A, 1987. (This case
controlled study found that childhood purulent meningitis victims had a higher
record of recent inununization, than children of comparable age who were free
from meningitis.)
141 Alderslade, R., et al, "The National Childhood Encephalopathy Study,"
in Whooping Cough, Reports from the Committee on Safety of Medicines and
the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization, Department of Health
and Social Security, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1981, pp. 79-154
142 James, W., Immunization, p. 14
143 Cournoyer, C., What About Immunizations?, pp. 8 and 9
144 James. W., Immununization, p. 13
145 Coulter, H., and Fisher, B., DPT: A Shot in the Dark, Avery Publishing
Group, Garden City Park, New York, 1991
See also:
- Coulter, H.L., Vaccination, Social Violence, and Criminality--The Medical Assault on the American Brain, Center for Empirical Medicine, Washington, DC, USA, 1990
146 Dettrnan, G., "SIDS--Sudden Infant
Death Syndrome," Blackmores Communicator--The Professional Services Newsbrief
of Blackmore Laboratories, Vol. 6, Sydney Australia and Auckland New Zealand,
May, 1983
147 Torch, W., "Diptheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT) Immunization: A Potential
Cause of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)," Neurology, No.
32, 1982, p. A169
148 Mortimer, E., Jr., "Pertussis Immunization: Problems, Perspectives,
Prospects," Hospital Practice, October, 1980, pp. 103-118
149 Shannon, D., and Kelly, D., "SIDS and Near-SIDS," New England
Journal of Medicine, 306: (17), 1982, pp. 959-1028
150 Lederberg, J., Science, October 20, 1967, p. 313
151 Buttram, H., "Live Virus Vaccines and Genetic Mutation," Health
Consciousness, April, 1990, pp. 44 and 45
152 James, W., Immunization, p. 15
153 Markowitz, R., "The Case Against Immunizations," Journal of
the American Institute of Homeopathy, Washington, DC, 1983, Institute reprint
154 Miller, et al, "Multiple Sclerosis and Vaccinations," British
Medical Journal, April 22, 1967, pp. 210-213
155 James, W., Immunization, p. 15
156 Dettman, G., "Immunization, Ascorbate and Death," Australian
Nurses Journal, December, 1977
157 Jahnke, U., et al, "Sequence Homology Between Certain Viral Proteins
and Proteins Related to Encephalomyelitis and Neuritis," Science,
Vol. 29, July 19, 1985, pp. 282-284
158 Shaywitz, S., and Bennet, A., "Diagnosis and Management of Attention
Deficit Disorder: A Pediatric Perspective," Pediatric Clinics of North
America, Vol. 31, No. 2, April, 1984, pp. 428-457
See also:
- Shaywitz, S., and Bennet, A., American Psychiatric Association (Journal), 1987, pp. 44-47
- Cowart, V., "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Physicians Helping Parents Pay More Heed," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 259, May 13, 1988, pp. 2647-2652
159 Buttram, H., "Live Virus Vaccines and
Genetic Mutation," p. 44
160 Coulter, H., Vaccination, Social Violence and Criminality, Washington,
DC, 1990, (entire work)
161 McGuire, R., "Brain Auto-Antibodies in 33% of Schizophrenics,"
Medical Tribune, July 14, 1988, p. 6
162 Morozov, P., editor, "Research on the Viral Hypothesis of Mental Disorders,"
in Advances in Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 12, published by Karger, S.,
New York, 1983, pp. 52-75
See also:
- Crow, T., "Is Schizophrenia an Infectious Disease?," Lancet, 1:8317, 1972, pp. 173-175
- Halonen, P., et al, "Antibody Levels to HSV-1, Measles, and Rubella Virus in Psychiatric Patients," British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 125, 1974, pp. 461-465
163 Mendelsohn,
R., "The Medical Time Bomb of Immunization Against Disease," pp. 47
and 48
164 "Immunization Public Health Protector?," p. 8
165 Mendelsohn, R., "The Medical
Time Bomb of Immunization Against Disease," p. 48
166 Storsaeter, J., et al, "Mortality and Morbidity from Invasive Bacterial
Infections During a Clinical Trial of Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in Sweden,"
Pediatrics Infectious Disease Journal, Vol. 78, 1988, pp. 637-645
167 Buttram, H.E., and Hoffman, J.C., "Bringing Vaccines Into Perspective,"
Mothering, Vol. 34, Winter Edition,1985, p. 42
168 Buttram, H.E., and Hoffman, J.C., Vaccinations and Immune Malfunction, pp.
5-18, article in ref 167
See also:
- "Vaccinations and lmmune Malfunction," Mothering, Vol.28, Summer Edition, 1983, pp.31 and32
169- lbid (article ref.), p. 32
170 Craighead, J.E., "Report of a Workshop: Disease Accentuation After
Immununization with Inactivated Microbial Vaccines," at the National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda Maryland, in Journal of Infectious Diseases, (University
of Chicago), Vol. 131, No. 6, June, 1975, pp. 749-754
See also:
- Nader, P., et al, "Severe Illness (Atypical Exanthem) Following Exposure to Natural Measles: 11 Cases in Children Previously Inoculated with Killed Vaccine." American Pediatrics Society Abstracts, 1967, p. 13
- Kim, H., et at, "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Infants Despite Prior Administration of Antigenic Inactivated Vaccine," Progress in Medical Virology, Vol. 13, 1971, pp. 239-270
171 Zimmerman, B., and Stone, A., "Allergic
Reactions Associated with Viral Vaccines," Progress in Medical Virology,
Vol. 82, No. 5, October, 1987, pp. 225-232
172 Buttram, H.E., and Hofftnan, J.C., Vaccinations and Immune Malfunction,
p. 46
173 Coulter, H.L., and Fisher, B.L., DPT, p. 407
174 Buttram, H.E., and Hoffman, J.C., Vaccinations and Immune Malfunction,
p. 47
175 Epidemiological Data Presented in Canadian Parliamentary Debates, Ottawa,
Canada, June 14, 1978
176 Obomsawin, R., "Traditional Lifestyles and Freedom from the Dark Seas
of Disease," Community Development Journal--An International Forum,
Oxford University Press, Vol. 18, No. 2, Oxford, England, April, 1983
177 Prior, I., "The Price of Civilization," Nutrition Today,
Vol. 6, No. 4, July-August, 197 1, pp. 3 and 11
178 Illich, I., Limits to Medicine--Medical Nemesis? The Expropriation of
Health, Penguin Books, Middlesex, England, 1977
See also:
- Taylor, R., Medicine Out of Control, (see ref 59 for complete information)
- Mendelsohn, R.S., Confessions of a Medical Heretic, Warner Books--Warner Communications Company, New York, NY, USA, 1979
- Corea, G., The Hidden Malpractice--How American Medicine Mistreats Women, Jove Publications, New York, NY, USA, 1978 Edition
- Tushnet, L., The Medicine Men--The Myth of Ouality Medical Care In America Today, Warner Books Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1969 Edition
- Inglis, B., The Case for Unorthodox Medicine, G.P. Putnam's Sons and Berkley Publishing Corp., New York, NY, USA, 1969 Edition
179 Illich, I., Tools for Conviviality,
Fitzhenry and Whiteside Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1963, p. 7
180 Gandhi, Mahatma, The Health Guide, published by Shri Anand T. Hingorani,
Navajivan Trust, Ahmedabad, India, 1965, pp. 5- 1 0
181 Kahn, K.S., et al, "A Health Care Paradox," World Health,
Published by the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, May, 1989
182 Sharpston, M.J., "Health and the Human Environment," in Health,
Food and Nutrition in Third World Development, Ghosh, PK. editor, prepared
under the auspices of the Center for International Development, University of
Maryland, and the World Academy of Development and Cooperation, Washington,
DC, International Development Resource Book No. 6, Greenword Press, a
division of Congressional Information Service Inc., Westport, Conn. USA, 1984,
pp. 85 and 80
183 McKeown, T., "The Road to Health," World Health Forum,
Published by the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Vol. 10, 1989,
pp. 410 and 411
184 Helberg, H., "An Evolving Process," World Health Forum, published
by the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, January-February, 1988
185 Standard, K.L., "Infections and Malnutrition--Child Mortality,"
in Epdemiology and Community Health in Warm Climate Countries, Cruickshank,
R., et al, editors, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK, 1976, pp. 45-48
186 Etherington, A., Assessment of the CIDA Health Sector Integrated Paper,
p. 1
187 Chetelat, L.J., A Synthesis of Key Issues for Evaluation in Primary Health
Care, p. 2
189 Ibid, p. 3
189 Sharing Our Future--Canadian International Development Assistance, Canadian
International Development Agency, Hull, Canada, 1987, P. 37
190 "Proceedings of the Meeting on Selective Primary Health Care,"
November 29-30, 1985. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, 1985
191 Morgan, S., Clean Culture--The New Soil Science, Health Research,
Mokelunme Hill, California, USA reprint of 1918 Edition, p. 6
192 Wrench, G.T., The Wheel of Health--The Sources of Long Life and
Health Among the Hunza, Shocken Books, New York, 1972 reprint of 1938 Edition,
pp. 91 and 107
193 Shelton, H.M., "Basis of Resistance," Hygienic Review,
Vol. 37, No. 9, San Antonio, Texas, USA, May, 1977, p. 194
194 Howard, Sir A., "The Role of Insects and Fungi in Agriculture,"
The Empire Cotton Growing Review, Vol. XIII
195 Mueller, S., "A Horticulturist Speaks Out on Health," Health
Science, April-May Issue, 1980, p. 28
196 Bernard, R.W., Super Foods From Super Soil, Health Research, Mokelunme
Hill, California, 1956, p. 13
197 Moodie, R.L., "Paleopathology: An Introduction to the Study of Ancient
Evidences of Disease," and Moodie, "The Antiquity of Disease,"
quoted by Hubbard, R.A., in Historical Perspectives of Health, undated
private publication, Professional Health Media Services, Loma Linda, California
198 Wrench, G.T., The Wheel of Health, pp. 117-118
199 Shelton, H.M., "Basis of Resistance," p. 194
200 Morgan, Clean Culture, p. 21
201 lbid (whole text.)
202 Phillips, David A., From Soil to Psyche, Woodbridge Press Publishing
Company, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 1977, pp. 193 and 194
203 Kjolhede, C., and Gadomski, A., "Ten Best Readings in . . . Vitamin
A," Health Policy and Planning: 5 (1):, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, England, 1990, p. 88
204 Clausen, S., "The Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Vitamin A,"
Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 111, 1938, pp. 144-154
205 Sommer, A., et al, "Increased Mortality in Children with Mild Vitamin
A Deficiency," Lancet, No. 2, 1983, pp. 585-588
206 Sonuner, A., et at, "Increased Risk of Respiratory Disease and Diarrhoea
in Children with Pre-Existing Mild Vitamin A Deficiency," American Journal
of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 40, 1984, pp. 1090-1095
207 Sommer, A., et al, "Impact of Vitamin A Supplementation on Childhood
Mortality: A Randomized Controlled Community Trial," Lancet, Vol.
I, 1986, pp. 1169-1173
208 Kjolhede, C., and Gadomski, A., "Ten Best Readings in ... Vitamin A,"
p. 88
209 Mamdani, M., and Ross, D., "Vitamin A Supplementation and Child Survival:
Magic Bullet or False Hope?," Health Policy and Planning: 4 (4),
Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1989, pp. 273 and 274
210 West, K., and Sommer, A., "Delivery of Oral Doses of Vitamin A to prevent
Vitamin A Deficiency and Nutritional Blindness: A State-of-the-Art Review,"
UN Administrative Committee on Coordination--Sub-Committee on Nutrition State-of-the-Art
series, Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper #2, Food Policy and Nutrition
Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 1987
211 Eastman, S., "Vitamin A Deficiency and Xerophthalmia: Recent Findings
and Programming Implications," Assignment Children, UNICEF, NY,
1987
212 Mamdani, M., and Ross, D., "Vitamin A Supplementation and Child Survival:
Magic Bullet or False Hope?," p. 287
213 lbid, pp. 274, 289 and 290
214 Dettman, G., and Kalokerinos,
K., "The Spark of Life," Health and Healing: Journal of Alternative
Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1981 (This article was originally accepted by the
Royal Australian College of Practicioners, but not published because--according
to a letter prepared by the Chairman of its Editorial Advisory Panel--"an
article giving a contrary opinion . . . was not obtainable.")
215 Stone, I., The Healing Factor--Vitamin C Against Disease, Grosser
and Dunlop Publishers, (produced in cooperation with Whitehall, Hadlyme and
Smith, Inc.), New York, NY, USA, 1974 Edition, pp. 70-89 and 202-212
216 Jungeblut, C., "Inactivation of Poliomyelitis Virus In Vitro by Crystalline
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)," (Department of Bacteriology, College of Physicians
and Surgeons, Columbia University), Journal of Experimental Medicine,
Vol. 62, 1935, pp. 517-521
217 Holden, M., and Molley, E., "Further Experiments on Inactivation of
Herpes Virus by Vitamin C (1 -ascorbic acid)," Journal of Immunology,
Vol. 33, 1937, pp. 251-257
218 Langenbusch, W., and Enderling, A., "Einfluss der Vitaniine auf das
Virus der Maulund Klavenseuch," Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie,
Vol. 140, 1937, pp. 1 12-115
219 Amato, G., "Azione dell'acido ascorbico sul virus fisso della rabia
e sulta tossina tetanica," Giomale di Bafteriologia, Virologia et Immunologia,
Vol. 19, 1937, pp. 843-849
220 Jungeblut, C., "Inactivation of Poliomyelitis Virus in Vitro by Ascorbic
Acid," Experimental Medicine, Vol. 62, p. 203
221 Jungeblut, C., "Further Observations on Vitamin C Therapy in Experimental
Poliomyelitis," (Department of Bacteriology, College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University), Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol.
65, 1937, pp. 127-146
See also:
- Ibid, Vol. 66, 1937, pp. 459-477
- Ibid, Vol. 70, 1939, pp. 315-332
222 Klenner, F., "Observations On the Dose and Administration of Ascorbic Acid When Employed Beyond the Range of A Vitamin In Human Pathology," The Journal of Applied Nutrition, (official publication of the International College of the International College of Applied Nutrition), La Habra, California, USA, Vol. 223, No. 3 and 4, Winter, 1971, pp. 60-89
See also:
- References 221--223
223 lbid, pp. 64 and 65
224 Klenner, F., "The Treatment of Poliomyelitis and Other Virus Diseases
with Vitamin C," Southern Medicine and Surgery, Vol. 111, 1949,
pp. 209-214
225 lbid
226 Klenner, F., "The Use of Vitamin C as an Antibiotic," Journal
of Applied Nutrition, Los Angeles, California, USA, Vol. 6, 1953, pp. 274-278
See also:
- Klenner, F., "Massive Doses of Vitamin C and the Virus Diseases," Southern Medicine and Surgery, Vol. 113, 1951, pp. 101--107
227 Faulkner, J., and Taylor, F., Vitamin C and Infection, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 10, 1937, pp. 1867-1873
See also:
- Perla, D., and Marmorsten, "Role of Vitamin C in Resistance," Archives of Pathology, Vol. 23, pp. 543-575, and pp. 683-712
228 Gupta, G., and Guha, B., "The Effect
of Vitamin C and Certain Other Substances on the Growth of Microorganisms, Annals
of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine, Vol. 1, 1941, pp. 14-26
229 Sirsi, M., "Antimicrobial Action of Vitamin C on M. Tuberculosis and
Some Other Pathogenic Organisms," Indian Journal of Medical Sciences,
Vol. 6, Bombay, India, pp. 661 and 662
230 Jungeblut, C., and Zwemer, R., "Inactivation of Diphtheria Toxin in
Vivo and in Vitro by Crystalline Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), Proceedings of
the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. 32, 1935, pp. 1229-1234
231 Jungeblut, C., "Inactivation of Tetanus Toxin by Crystalline Vitamin
C (1-ascorbic acid)," (Department of Bacteriology, College of Physicians
and Surgeons, Columbia University), Journal of Immunology, Vol. 33, No.
3, 1937, pp. 203-214
232 Kodama, T., and Kojima, T., "Studies of the Staphylococcal Toxin, Toxoid
and Antitoxin, Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Staphylococal Lysins and Organisms,"
Kitasato Archives of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 16, 1939, pp. 36-55
233 Takahashi, Z., Nagoya, Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 12, 1938,
p. 50
234 Moore, P., et at, in Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 54,
1946, p 233
235 Charpy, J., "Ascorbic Acid in Very Large Doses Alone or With Vitamin
D2 in Tuberculosis," Bulletin de I'Academie Nationale de Medecine,
Vol. 132, Paris, 1948, pp. 421-423
236 Hochwald, A., "Observations on the Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Croupous
Pneumonia, Wien Archiv fur Innere Medizin, Vol. 29,1936, pp. 353-374
237 Onnerod, M., and Unkauf, B., "Ascorbic Acid Treatment of Whooping Cough,"
Canadian Medical Association Journal, No. 37, 1937, p. 134
See also:
- Onnerod, M., et al, "A Further Report on the Ascorbic Acid Treatment of Whooping Cough," Canadian Medical Association Journal, No. 37, 1937, p. 268
238 DeWit, J., "Treatment of Whooping Cough
with Vitamin C," Kindergeneeskunde, Vol. 17, 1949, pp. 367-374
239 LEPROSY:
Gatti and Goana, "Ascorbic Acid in the Treatment of Leprosy," Archiv
Schiffe-und Tropenhygiene, Vol. 43,1939, pp.32
Ferreira, D., "Vitamin C in Leprosy," Publicacoes Medicas,
Vol. 20, 1950, pp. 25-28
TYPHOID FEVER:
Szirmai, F., "Value of Vitamin C in Treatment of Acute Infectious Diseases,"
Deutshes Archive fur KlinischeMedizin, Vol. 85,1940, pp. 434-443
Drummond, J., "Recent Advances in the Treatment of Enteric Fever,"
Clinical Proceedings, Vol. 2, South Aftica, 1943, pp. 65-93
DYSENTARY:
Veselovskaia, T., Effective of Vitamin C on the Clinical Course of Dysentery,
Voenno-Meditsinskii Zhumal, Vol. 3, Moscow, 1957, pp. 32-37
Sokolova, V., "Application of Vitamin C in Treatment of Dysentery,"
Terapevticheskii Arkhiv, Vol. 30, Moscow, 1958, pp. 59-64
Other readings on Vitamin C and bacterial infections:
Kuribayashi, K., et al, "Effect of Vitamin C on Bacterial Toxins,"
Japanese Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 18,1963, pp. 136-142
Sweany, H., et al, "The Body Economy of Vitamin C in Health and Disease,"
Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 116, 1941, pp. 469-474
Dujardin, J., "Use of High Doses of Vitamin C in Infections," Presse
Medical, Vol. 55, 1947, p. 72
240 Cottingham, E., and Mills, C., "Influence of Temperature and Vitamin
Deficiency Upon Phagocyfic Functions," Journal of Immunology, Vol.
47, 1943, pp. 493-502
241 DeChatelet, L., et al, "Ascorbic Acid: Possible Role in Phagocytosis,"
paper presented at the 62nd
Meeting of the American Society of Biological Chemists, San Francisco, USA,
June 18, 1971
242 Cathcart, R., "Clinical Trial of Vitamin C," Medical Tribune,
June 25, 1975
See also:
- Cathcart, R., "Vitamin C, Titrating to Bowel Tolerance, Anascorbemia, and Acute Induced Scurvy," Medical Hypothesis, Vol. 7, 1981, pp. 1359-1376
243 Pauling, L., How to Live Longer and Feel Better, Avon Books of the
Hearst Corporation, New York, 1986, pp. 177 and 178
244 McCormick, W., "Vitamin C in the Prophylaxis and Therapy of Infectious
Diseases," Archives of Pediatrics, Vol. 68, No. 1, January, 1951,
pp. 3 and 7
245 Simon, H., "Exercise and Infection," The Physician and Sports
Medicine, Vol. 15, 1987, pp. 135-141
246 White, K., "Interferon: The Promise . . . and Reality," Medical
Tribune, Vol. 19, October 16, 1978, p. 31
247 Sauberlich, H., "Implications of Nutritional Status in Human Biochemistry,
Physiology and Health," Clinical Biochemistry, Vol. 17, April, 1984
See also:
- Chandra, R., "Nutritional Regulation of Immunity and Infection," Journal of Ped., Gastroentorology. and Nutrition, Vol. 5, pp. 844-852
248 Barons, et al, "Dietary Fat and Natural
Killer-Cell Activity," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol.
50, 1989, pp. 861-867
249 Coffnan, L., "Effects of Specific Nutrients on the Immune Response,"
Medicine and Clinicians--North American, Vol. 69, July, 1985, p. 5
250 Brown, R., et al, in Brain Behaviour and Immunity, Vol. 3,1989, pp.
320-330
251 Wiess, J., et al, "Behavioural and Neural Influences on Cellular Immune
Responses: Effects of Stress and Interleukin-1," Journal of Clinical
Psychiatry, Vol. 50, Supplement 5, 1989, pp. 43-53
See also:
- Girard, D., et al, "Psychosocial Events and Subsequent Illness--A Review," Western Journal of Medicine, Vol. 142, March, 1985, pp. 358-363
252 Belyayev, I., et al, "Combined use of Ultraviolet Radiation to Control Acute Respiratory Disease," Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR, Vol. 3, 1975, p. 37
See also:
- Zabaluyeva, A., et at, "The Mechanism of Adaptogenic Effect of Ultraviolet," Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR, Vol. 3, 1975, p. 23
- Frick, G., "Effect of UV on Blood Picture," Folia Haemat, Vol. 101, 1974, p. 871
- Rylova, S., "Effect of Short Wave Ultraviolet Rays on the Phagocytic Activity of Leucocytes in Patients Suffering from Rheumatoid Polyarthritis," Vop Kurort Fizioter, Vol. 32, 1967, p. 344
- Murphy, J., and Sturm, E., "The Lymphocytes in Natural and Induced Resistance to Transplanted Cancer," Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 29, 1919, pp. 25-35
253 Maughan, G., and Smiley, D., "The Effect
of General Irradiation with Ultraviolet Upon the Frequency of Colds," Journal
of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 2, 1928, p. 69
254 Zabaluyeva, A., "General Inununological Reactivity of the Organism
in Prophylactic Ultraviolet Irradiation of Children in Northern Regions,"
Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR, Vol. 3, 1975, p. 23
255 Miley, G., "The Knott Technic of Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation in Acute
Pyogenic Infections," New York Journal of Medicine, Vol. 42, 1942,
p. 38
See also:
Hollaender, A., and Oliphant, J., "The Inactivating Effect of Monochromatic
Ultraviolet Radiation on Influenza Virus," Journal of Bacteriology,
Vol. 48, 1944, p. 447
Downes, A., and Blunt, T., "Researches on the Effect of Light Upon Bacteria
and Other Organisms," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine,
Vol. 26, 1877, p. 488
256 Kime, Z., Sunlight Could Save Your Life, World Health Publications,
Penryn, California, USA, 1980, p. 315
257 MacGregor, R., "Alcohol and Immune Defense," Journal of the
American Medical Association, Vol. 256, No. 11, September 19, 1986
258 Aldo-Benson, M., et al, Abstract No. 7966, Federation of American Sciences
for Experimental Biology, May, 1988
259 Bagasra, O., Abstract No. 3111, Federation of American Sciences for Experimental
Biology, Reproduced from a May, 1988, presentation
260 Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 154, 1986
261 Kime, Z., Sunlight Could Save Your Life, Author's Preface
ANNEX l
PROBLEMS WITH DEVELOPING WORLD MEDICALIZATION
AND THE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE ALTERNATIVE
By: Raymond ObomsawinThe medicalization of large parts of the Third World . . . has occurred in the context of the destruction of whole systems of traditional philosophies in the name of science and health. Present patterns of dependence are a product of this . . . evolution. The addictive nature of the new pill culture may as one of its unwanted consequences have played a role in creating and sustaining poverty in the Third World. The price of foreign products is often out of proportion to the purchasing power of the poor, who thus may squander a large part of their income in the pursuit of what may be illusory hopes of benefit.. . . Pharmaceuticals are an inappropriate solution to many major health problems and . . . their consumption often does not meet the health needs of people.
Goran Sterky, Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, Uppsala, Sweden.
THE DISTURBING
DILEMMA OF DEVELOPING WORLD MEDICALIZATION
Some leading international health officials, such as Robert Bannerman of the
World Health Organization, have legitimately raised the concern that "orthodox"
and "conventional" health care services--as devised for and administered
to Developing World populations--remain culturally alienating and "economically
unobtainable." He also maintains that, whether in the Developed or Developing
Worlds, the disparity between the actual benefits and the high costs of Western
medicine continues to be an issue of major socioeconomic and political concern.
As part of this picture, it is noted that in the Developing World, roughly one
third of all health care costs are devoted to "the drug bill alone,"
with relatively poor countries importing such drugs against payments in scarce
hard currency.1
Charles Medawar, Director of a London-based research unit, Social Audit Ltd.,
has conducted extensive international research on the issue of medicalization
practices in the Developing World. He has documented the following disturbing
conclusions in an article on the need for the strengthening of international
regulation in pharmaceutical practice:2
Medawar also provides evidence which suggests
that the World Health Organization's (WH0) intimate cooperation and "contractual
relations with many pharmaceutical companies," inter alia, cripples its
capacity to effectively represent and support the most fundamental health needs
of the Developing World through developing a system of care in which the most
prevalent and serious health needs are met. Multisectoral measures which are
safe, effective, simple, and uncostly hold the answer to attaining sustainable
and long term health improvement. Indeed, without due leadership in this direction
he contends that "Health for All by the year 2000 must appear a sham."
Even where the WHO has been able to advocate a more rational public sector approach
to medical practice in the Developing World, as in its 1981 Action Program on
Essential Drugs and Vaccines, the fact remains that in most Developing World
countries there is readily available in the private sector from 10 to 20 times
as many pharmaceutical products as the 250 which are recommended in the Organization's
Action Program.
According to Sterky ". . . in some Third World countries, up to 75 percent
of the drugs moving in the market may be outside the control of health ministries."
This active trade in up to 4,000 drug products is largely monopolized by powerful
transnational corporations. In fact, it is estimated that 90 percent of the
world's production of commercially marketed pharmaceuticals originates in the
industrialized countries, with this percentage growing.3
INDIA--AN ALARMING CASE IN POINT
Trisha Greenhalgh's seminal survey of 2,400 individual patients under treatment
in the public and private medical sectors of India is illustrative of conditions
which are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout much of the Developing
World.4
It will thus be reported on in some detail.
Her research confirmed that drugs which have a high incidence of side effects
or a "significant risk of fatal idiosyncrasy" are being sold over
the counter and prescribed by doctors for trivial complaints. Chloramphenicol,
barbiturates, anabolic steroids and high dosage oestrogen preparations "are
used freely, often from bizarre indications and in unsuitable dose regimens."
She refers to one national study which estimates that India is experiencing
between five to ten thousand deaths annually, from chloramphenicol-induced aplastic
anaemia alone. High dose estrogen-progesterone (EP) although containing warnings
of teratogenicity (potential to cause birth defects) remain the cheapest and
most widely employed pregnancy test in the country.
Furthermore, medical drugs which have been banned in Western countries due to
their dangers are actively prescribed, dispensed and marketed. A few cases include:
phenylbutazone, which has been associated with more deaths in Britain than any
other drug; and clioquinol which is officially accepted as a "safe drug,"
in apparent ignorance of the major scandal in which literally tens of thousands
of people were left crippled from the drug, with its manufacturer, Ciba Geigy
conceding full blame.
Greenhalgh further reports that the pharmaceutical industry argues that "these
drugs have not been shown to be hazardous to the Asian population," and
that it awaits the results of post-marketing surveillance before withdrawing
them. In her words "this is less a cry for objectivity, than a justification
for exploiting the sorry state of medical audit." Indeed, case records
are rarely kept by doctors engaged in private practice, and polypharmacy remains
rife, so most adverse drug reactions remain inevitably undetected. Even if they
were detected, there exists no system for the reporting of suspected reactions,
and there is no official procedure or mechanism for alerting doctors of suspected
adverse reactions in new drugs.
This situation is further compounded by the fact that to all appearances with
the exception of teaching hospitals, postgraduate education in clinical pharmacology
remains the "unchallenged province of representatives from the pharmaceutical
industry."
Simple solutions appear to be ignored. For example, 30 percent of all child
deaths in the nation are due to diarrhoea, yet in over 90 percent of such cases
oral rehydration is ignored by practicing medical doctors. In the population,
millions are known to have a Vitamin A deficiency, with as many as 30 thousand
children being blinded each year. This occurs despite the fact that "a
fresh mango provides many weeks supply of Vitamin A for a child and costs much
less than a bottle of vitamin syrup."
To conclude this summary of Greenhalgh's findings, I would share her following
observation.
. . . one cannot ignore the long term effects [and the ethical implications] of encouraging a poorly educated population to develop blind faith in the infallibility of modern medicine, and the magical properties ofprescribed pills . . . . people who are too poor to buy rice are being led to believe that they need a cough mixture for every cough, an antibiotic for every sore throat, and a tranquiliser to solve the problems of everyday life.
A COMPELLING VOICE OF PROTEST
Mira Shiva, Coordinator of the Voluntary Health Association of India, drawing
upon her practical experience as a medical doctor in her home country, protests
that low cost, self reliant, and indigenous "health care alternatives"
have been unduly marginalized with the rapid growth of the medical-industrial
complex. Indeed, while clinics and drug dispensing units,, nursing homes, drug
marketing outlets, and diagnostic labs have literally mushroomed throughout
the nation, at rapidly escalating costs, there has been "no significant
and substantial change in the health status of the people."
She further contends that:
Simple health care solutions, for example changes in diet, simple massages, home remedies and herbal medicines, which are as relevant today as in the past . . . have been gradually excluded from the health care scene, because of an assumed superiority of modern drugs for all kinds of health problems. This assumed "scientificity" has not been demonstrated by comparing the existing and new pharmaceuticals with alternative therapies in terms of efficacy, side effects, drug interaction, costs, acceptability, and availability.
Shiva also puts forward the view that the worldwide indigenous traditions encompassed a superior holistic concept of health and disease, in which the use of medicines served to complement and not displace more fundamental and broadly based nutritional and environmental provisions. She concludes by stating that:
. . . the concept of the universalization of the pharmaceutical medical solution . . . irrespective of the nutritional and health status of patients [and or recipients] in deprived areas, is irrational. . . . It also indicates an unhealthy First World bias on the part of drug exporters, transferors of technology and propounders of myths.5
THE
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE ALTERNATIVE
The human experimentation with and exploration of plant medicines has evolved
over the millennia to what is a current usage of some 20,000 plant species,
which remarkably--according to scientists Phillipson and Anderson, of the School
of Pharmacy on London--"form the major sources of medicine for the population
of the majority of the World.6
Nonetheless--as the preceding sections portray--initially in the First World
and now universally, there has been an aggressively pursued and increasingly
actualized goal to displace this traditional knowledge and practice system,
with commercially marketed Western pharmaceuticals. Commercially subsidized
and influenced university-based medical curricula have fimctioned to shift the
focus and faith of medical practitioners--and in turn those they practice upon--from
plant medicines, towards what is considered a modernized pharmacopoeia. This
public faith receives continual reinforcement through the medium of public media
advertising. (It should be noted that approximately 75% of modem commercial
pharmaceuticals are strictly synthetic chemical substances,7
that without exception, bear toxic and thus harmful side effects.)
It is widely acknowledged that synthetic agents can be far more easily patented
and thus profited from. This, inter alia, has led Pharmacological researchers
such as de Smet (Royal Dutch Association for the Advancement of Pharmacy, the
Hague, Netherlands) and Rivier, (Institute of Legal Medicine--The University
of Lausanne, Switzerland) to suggest that the predominant view that traditional
plant medicines are of marginal value "could well be an economic verdict,
rather than a well balanced scientific judgment." They go on to "deplore
the commonly held belief that the study of traditional agents is nothing but
an evaluation of outdated exotic, which cannot be relevant for Western Medicine.8
Their view is backed by Labadie,
who has conducted extensive research on traditional plant medicine at the State
University of Utrecht in the Netherlands. He confirms that although it "in
general represents a still poorly explored field of research," there is
nonetheless a compelling basis for recognizing "the international relevancy
of research and development in the field of traditional drugs. . . .9
This relevancy that Labadie speaks of, has in part arisen from the growing recognition
of the practical limitations, high costs, and iatrogenic features incidental
to allopathic (conventional) medicine, with such awareness being the most prevalent
in the First World, where it has been the most widely practiced. Consequently,
there has arisen in very recent decades--from the lay to professional levels--a
significant counter-movement towards according "natural," (variously
termed e.g., nature based, lifestyle, and holistic) approaches to health care
more prominent recognition and employment.
An important part of this increasingly worldwide trend has been the prominent
re-emergence of an integrated science termed ethno-pharrnacology. Although it
central focus is on traditional pharmacognosy (medicines derived from natural
sources), it is necessarily interdisciplinary in scope encompassing the functional
co-relationship and integration of scientific data in the areas of cultural
anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, history, botany, toxicology, botany,
chemical physics, and biochemistry. Furthermore, it entails both the preventive
and therapeutic dimensions of medicine.10
University of Messina pharmaco-biologist Anna de Pasquale in conducting a detailed
historical review of plant derived medicine, which she has coined "The
Oldest Modern Science," came to the conclusion that
The re-examination of nature in the search for new therapeutic means has obtained remarkable results. The study of ancient official drugs, which had fallen into disuse . . . has brought about a re-discovery of therapeutic means used for millennia . . . . [ethnopharmacology], this millenarian precursor of medical sciences, is still alive and vital and it has its own place in the future of man. It possesses all the premises to enable it to give a substantial contribution to a more efficacious and rational research of medicaments. . . .11 (Eugene Linden's September 23, 1991 article in Time "Lost Tribes Lost Knowledge," cites M. Balick's (Director of the New York Institute of Economic Botany) observation that only 1,100 of the earth's 265,000 species of plants have been thoroughly studied by Western scientists, but as many as 40,000 may have medicinal or undiscovered nutritional value for humans. He concludes with the recommendation that traditional "healers . . . can help scientists greatly focus their search for plants with useful properties.")
Anne Mcllory's article "Medical secrets
of the forest" in the February 18, 1991 issue of The Toronto Star
speaks of the renewed interest of a limited number of Western scientists in
the "enormous" potential of traditional plant medicines. Such interest
has of course taken on much greater urgency as the forests, and the elders who've
retained this knowledge appear to face impending extinction. One noteworthy
example where this renewed interest has richly paid off is found in the rosy
periwinkle, which now ftimishes an extract providing Western medicine with an
80 percent recovery level for the once fatal condition of childhood leukaemia.
In going back to the 1978 Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care, we find
pragmatic approval given--at a political level--to the recommendation that essential
drugs and biologicals be locally produced and distributed "at the lowest
feasible cost." In concert with this recommendation, the Conference recognized
the need to curb the growing over-dependency on medical drugs. It was further
affirmed that "proved traditional remedies be incorporated in primary health
care, including the establishment of effective "supply systems."12
In the Words of Medawar," The importance of local medical need is recognized
in the AlmaAta recommendation on drugs, partly in the provisions on local manufacture
and use of indigenous remedies."13
From within the WHO, Bannerman has since gone on to play a vital role in encouraging
a renewed reliance upon "well known and tested herbal medicines in primary
health care." He refers to a growing interest on the part of Developing
World governmental and research institutions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
with respect to the possibilities of further developing and re-utilizing their
own medicinal plant resources. He forcibly argues that:
. . . medicinal plants are generally locally available and relatively cheap, and there is every virtue in exploiting such local and traditional remedies when they have been tested and proven to be non-toxic, safe, inexpensive and culturally acceptable to the community. . . . There are many records of traditional therapies employing herbal medicines that are said to be effective against common ailments and usually without any side-effects. . . The cultivation of medicinal plants and herbs can also be linked with the production of vegetables and fruit with high nutritive value that should be of particular benefit to mothers and children.
(While conducting an evaluation mission in Northeast
Thailand, the writer, in the company of UNICEF Officer Dr. Supote Prasertsri,
visited the Reanunakorn District Health Centre to examine its experimental traditional
plant medicine program. Program Director Pradit Tongyus--who also directs the
Centre's health, mental health, nutrition and sanitation services--explained
why he was inspired to establish the program. His own son developed a serious
urinary infection which failed to respond to regular antibiotic treatments throughout
10 days of hospitalization. Upon turning to a known local plant medicine, virtually
all symptoms of infection subsided within a 10 hour period. He went on to describe
various local plant medicines which had proven to be non-toxic and highly efficacious
in the remediation of a wide range of conditions such as: burns; herpes simplex;
snake and scorpion bites, kidney stones, ulcers, and high blood pressure. Indeed,
such reputable attestations exist worldwide, and only await honest inquiry and
further clinical testing.)
As well, Bannerman recommends that community health workers be afforded with
a working knowledge of the therapeutic value of local medicinal plants, including
their identification, cultivation, collection, preparation, and therapeutic
application. He maintains that provisions for such training and practice represent
a fundamental strategy to the strengthening local and community self-reliance
in health care.14
One of the key arguments of those who would oppose this is view, is that before
such medicines can be employed there must be extensive and detailed testing
of each specific plant medicine, extraction and refinement of the active ingredients,
followed by official recognition and approval. However, there are some basic
reasons why this conventional drug development methodology is not only impracticable,
but as well unnecessary.
A significant number of plant medicines have been used successfully for centuries,
and in some cases millennia. Where there has been a long and established history
of efficacy, no apparent adverse side effects, and social acceptance, the only
common sense response is to fully permit and encourage continued usage. Researchers
such as de Smet and Rivier forcefully maintain that the endorsement of and reliance
upon traditional plant medicines in the Developing World, cannot and should
not be made conditional upon the full assemblage and weighing of "chemical,
pharmacological, clinical and toxicological evidence," as such requirements
"would be untenable in the developing countries . . . where Western alternatives
for traditional therapies may be unavailable, unpayable or socially unacceptable."
Consequently, the most practical course recommended--as a means of attaining
more "immediate health care improvement"--is to conduct simple assays
on a series of traditional plant medicines, rather than undertake costly and
detailed chemical, clinical and toxicological studies of each and every particular
medicine.15 As
an added and important point, internationally such "simple assays"--as
well as some very sophisticated pharmacological and clinical studies--already
exist on a number of traditional plant medicines, with the former primarily
found in the bio-etbnographic, and the latter in the bio-science literature.
CRITICAL CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS
As a fitting synthesis of the issues and concerns as raised in this paper, we
can turn to the outstanding work of the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation in Uppsala,
Sweden. The Foundation convened a landmark international seminar in 1985 on
the issue of attaining Another Development in Pharmaceuticals. The following
salient observations are derived from the "Summary Conclusions" of
the Foundation's report on the seminar, which had both public and private sector
representation from Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
It is the view of the writer, that to ignore these conclusions and oppose these recommendations will be but to help insure the continuation of oppression, poverty, and disease throughout the Developing World. Furthermore, it will serve to deny both the developed and developing nations with the enormous opportunity of properly assessing and accessing a vastly untapped reservoir of vital experiential knowledge, insights, and plant medicines which may tragically perish with the older generation of increasingly marginalized and threatened indigenous "nature based" societies.
1 Bannerman, R., "The Role of Traditional
Medicine in Primary Health Care," in Traditional Medicine and Health
Care Coverage--A reader for health administrators and practitioners, 1983,
edited by Bannerman, R., Burton, J., and Wen-Chieh C., The World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland, p. 319
2 Medawar, C., "International Regulation of the Supply and Use ofP harmaceuticals,"
in Development Dialogue, Vol. 25, 1985, The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation,
Uppsala, Sweden, p. 16-34
3 Sterky, Goran, "Another Development in Pharmaceuticals: An Introduction,"
in Development Dialogue, Vol. 2, 1985, The Dag Hanunarskjold Foundation,
Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 5 and 6
4 Greenhalgh, T., "Drug Prescription and Self-Medication In India: An Exploratory
Survey," in Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1987, Pergamon
Journals Ltd., Great Britain, pp. 307-316
5 Shiva, M., "Towards a Healthy Use of Pharmaceuticals--An Indian Perspective,"
in Development Dialogue, Vol. 25, 1985, The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation,
Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 69-72
6 Phillipson, J. David, and Anderson, L., "Etlmopharinocology and Western
Medicine," in Journal of harmocolo Vol. 25, 1989, Elsevier Scientific Publishers
Ireland Ltd., pp. 61 and 65
7 lbid, p. 71
8 de Smet, P., and Rivier, L., "A General Outlook on Ethnopharmocology,"
in Journal of Ethnopharmocology, Vol. 25, 1989, Elsevier Scientific Publishers
Ireland Ltd., pp. 130 and 131
9 Labadic, R., "Problems and Possibilities in the Use of Traditional Drugs,"
plenary lecture presented at the Second International Congress on Traditional
Asian Medicine, September, 1984, Surabay, Indonesia
10 de Smet, P., and Rivier, L., "A General Outlook on Ethnopharacology,"
p. 127, and see, de Pasquale, A. "Pharmacognosy: The Oldest Modern Science,"
in Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 11, 1984, Elsevier Scientific Publishers
Ireland Ltd., p. 13
11 de Pasquale, "Pharmacognosy," pp. 13 and 16
12 Primary Health Care, Report of the International Conference on Primary
Health Care Jointly Organized by the WHO and UNICEF, at Alma-Ata, USSR, September
6-12, 1978, published by the WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1978
13 Medawar, "International Regulation of Pharmaceuticals," p. 19
14 Bannerman, "The Role of Traditional Medicine," p. 326
15 de Smet, P., and Rivier, L., "A General Outlook on Ethnopharmacology."
pp. 135 and 136
16 Dag Hanimarskkiold Seminar on Another Development in Pharmaceuticals,
June 3-6, 1985, "Summary Conclusions," in Develoment Dialogue,
Vol. 2, 1985, The Dage Hanunarskjold Foundation, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 130-143
See also:
- Akerele, O., (The World Health Organization), "The Best of Both Worlds: Bringing Traditional Medicine Up-To-Date," Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1987, pp. 177-181
- van der Geest, S., (University of Amsterdam), "Pharmaceuticals in the Third World: The Local Perspective," in Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1987, pp. 373-376
- "Kyerematen, G., and Ogunlana, E., (University of Uppsala Biomedical Centre), "An Integrated Approach to the Pharmacological Evaluation of Traditional Materia Medica," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 20, 1987, pp. 191-207
- Huizer, G., "Indigenous Healers and Western Dominance: Challenge for Social Scientists?," Social Compass, XXXIV/4, 1987, pp. 415-436
- Quah, S., Editor, The Triumph of Practicality--Tradition and Modernity in Health Care Utilization in Selected Asian Countries, Social Issues in Southeast Asia Programme, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1989
- Leslie, C., Editor, Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study, University of California Press, Berkely, California, USA, 1977
- Ademuwagun, Z., et at, Editors, (representing the universities of Ibadan, Tennessee, and Iowa State), African Therapeutic Systems, (African Studies Association, Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass., USA, Crossroads Press, 1979
ANNEX
II:
AGROCHEMICAL AGRICULTURE THE NEED FOR A SANER ALTERNATIVE
By: Raymond Obomsawin
THE DILEMMA OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION
The worldwide use of commercial chemical fertilizers and pesticides has
increased by factors of 9 and 32 respectively, during the recent 35 year period.1
For an appreciation of the impact of this on soil and plant nutrition we should
consider the observation of Chesworth:
Geochemically, farming is a kind of rape, with annual harvests removing plant nutrients one or two orders of magnitude faster than . . . (natural processes) can replace them. . . . The inherent fertility of soil, a renewable resource, is largely ignored in modern mechanized agriculture in favour of chemical fertilizers largely mined from non-renewable deposits. A saner attitude once should be re examined as a possible basis for future strategies.2
A highly significant practical concern is the increasingly high costs associated with agrochemical fertilizers, coupled to their incapacity to provide a range of essential micro nutrients to the soil.
Since the energy crises of the seventies, the cost of artificial fertilizer has increased at least three fold, and most tropical countries are faced by severe restrictions in foreign currency. The second drawback is that commercial fertilizers are invariably incomplete. They look after N, P and K, but most of the minor nutrients are left out . . . With this form of agriculture becoming increasingly beyond the means of the Developing World, alternatives are needed. 3
A further critical question that is rarely given
due consideration is the popularly promulgated belief that synthetically developed
chemicals bear no difference from those which naturally occur in the biosphere.
In response to this view, eminently successful horticulturist D. Phillips contends
that such a view overlooks the highly vital "life force" factor. In
his words "A synthetic chemical can appear to represent a natural one only
to the extent that a waxen image is a dummy of its living model."4
PESTICIDE POISONS
Throughout the Developing World, it is estimated that close to a million people
are annually poisoned by pesticides, of which 40,000 die. It is also well worth
noting in comparison with the Developed World, "the incidence of pesticide
poisoning is 13 times higher in the Third World." To give but one example,
in Sri Lanka where there was not a single death from malaria in 1978, in that
same year it is estimated that there were 1,000 deaths from pesticide poisoning.5
Not only is there an accelerated use of pesticides as pests adapt to and resist
these poisons, but the pesticide manufacturers make them ever more deadly. This
all seems very strange, when we consider that extensive research conducted by
Cornell University Entomologist, David Pimentel (editor of the Handbook of
Pest Management in Agriculture, CRC Press, 1981) and others, confirms that
data covering the last four decades indicate a direct cause and effect relationship
between pesticide dependency--along with other large scale agribusiness techniques
and highly significant increases in crop losses due to pest damage.
"The share of crop yields lost to insects has nearly doubled (7% to 13%)
during the last 40 years, despite a more than 10-fold increase in the amount
and toxicity of synthetic insecticide used." As if this wasn't damning
enough, it has also been found that "often less than 0. 1 %" of pesticide
applications actually reach the targeted pest(s).6
BIOLOGICALLY SOUND
ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES
To give only one example in the developing world of the potential for local
alternatives to toxic pesticides, while visiting Thailand's Reanunakom District
Health Centre's Traditional Herbal Medicine Program (Nakhon Phanom Province),
I found that there has been successful development of and early field trials
for non-toxic plant source alternatives to chemical pesticides. The biological
product shown, had as its base a locally growable variety of lemon grass.
In my discussion with the Program Coordinator P. Tongyus, it became evident
that there remains a considerable potential for villages to raise the basic
ingredients as a means of replacing their present dependence on commercial chemical
pest control products. Furthermore, there remains potential for large scale
industrial production of such non-toxic herbal pest control products, if interest
could be further generated, investments made, and appropriate marketing channels
established.
THE PROMISE OF CLEAN
ORGANICULTURE METHODS
It is also of compelling interest that little acknowledged, albeit superior
agricultural methods such as the "clean culture" system (see pp. ???
in main text) developed by Sampson Morgan bear great promise not merely for
preventing disease and human degeneration, but for alleviating the crippling
effects of starvation in the underdeveloped regions of earth.
At the time of Morgan's experiments the average potato yield for the world,
stood at about 6 tons per acre, that of wheat 15 bushels. In the words of Morgan,
I broke all records for potatoes . . . digging fine samples at the rate of 65
tons an acre, a success never achieved by any other experimenter." As for
wheat, he was able to produce up to 100 bushels per acre. He correctly perceived
that the bankruptcy of the soil means the impoverishment of the people; both
in quality and quantity of food provided. In his words "'ne colossal loss
of foodstuffs through the present system is criminal." His products included
the largest apple that had ever been recorded at 34-1/2 oz and nearly I-1/2
ft in circumference. Additionally "clean culture" methods produced
plants far more impervious to adverse weather conditions, including frost. The
shelf life of produce was also greatly extended.7
A further major benefit of clean culture--of great significance to more and
regions--is the fact that porous rock based "mulches" are generally
highly potent in reducing evaporation of water from the soil. In fact, evidence
suggests that such mulches actually serve to extract "moisture from humid
atmospheres."8
A RECENT
INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVE IN CLEAN ORGANICULTURE
With support from Canada's International Development Research Centre, the University
of Guelph (Ontario) Department of Land Resources Science--in cooperation with
various Tanzanian universities in the late 80's undertook an historic applied
research initiative on the potential of locally accessible rock dust (what the
University has coined as agro-geology) applications to restore what has become
largely infertile and acid soils in the Mbeya, Morogoro and Mbozi regions of
Tanzania.
At its outset, Johnson Somoka of Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania
realistically projected that through rock dust fertilization:
(This particular project's level of success, and potential for replication was assessed upon its completion in 1991.)9
1 MacNeill, et al, CIDA and Sustainable Development, The Institute for
Research on Public Policy, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1989
2 Chesworth, W., "Late Cenozoic Geology and the Second Oldest Profession,"
Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada, published
in Geoscience Canada, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1981, pp. 54-56
3 Chesworth, W., et al, "Agricultural Alchemy: Stones Into Bread,"
Episodes, Vol. 1983, No. 1, p. 3
4 Phillips, David A., From Soil to Psyche, Woodbridge Press Publishing
Company, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 1977, p. 195
·5 Chetelat, L.J., A Synthesis of Key Issues for Evaluation in Eaanded Programs
of Immunization, prepared for CIDA Policy Branch, Evaluation Division, Hull,
Canada, January, 1990, p. 36
6 Pimental, D., personal communication, May 8, 1990; Pimental, D., et at, Environmental
and Economic Impacts of Reduciniz US Agricultural Pesticide Use, draft text,
Cornell University Department of Entomology, October, 1989, p. 4; and Pimental,
D., and Levitan, L., Pesticides: "Amounts Applied and Amounts Reaching
Pests," Bioscience, American Institute of Biological Science, Washington,
DC, Vol. 36, No. 2, February, 1986, p. 86
7 Morgan, S., Clean Culture--The New Soil Science, Health Research, Mokelumne
Hill, California, reprint of 1918 Edition, whole text
8 Chesworth, Agricultural Alchemy, p. 5
9 Toomy, G., "Agrogeology--Rocks in the Service of Soil"--The IDRC
Reports, Ottawa, Canada, July, 1986, pp. 12-13